Muhammad Ali

Askia Mohammed I of Songhai (ruled 1493-1529, died in 1538 AD)

Emperor of the Songhai Empire of West Africa

Sonni Baru Dao, ruler of the Songhai Empire, was also a follower of a traditional African religion and rejected all attempts to convert him to Islam by Muslims in his empire. After several weeks of negotiations and no conversion, the Muslims resorted to battle. Backed by a large section of the army, the Muslims triumphed in April 1493. This brought Mohammed Touré, a former general, to lead the empire. He took the title 'Askia' and all those who followed him took the same dynastic title. A devout Muslim, Askia Mohammed I made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1496. One thousand infantry and a cavalry detachment of 500 horsemen accompanied him. He also took 300,000 gold pieces. In Mecca, Askia met the Caliph of Egypt, the Pope of the Islamic church. Askia requested that the Caliph appoint him as his religious representative in West Africa. The Caliph agreed. Askia Mohammed returned to Gao in 1497, with a new title. He was now the Caliph of the Western Sudan, spiritual ruler of all the West African Muslims.

The empire Askia inherited from the Sonni Dynasty was already massive, yet he expanded north, east and west by conquest. Ultimately it would cover an area about the same size as all of Europe. By 1514 his armies captured the Hausa Confederation of northern Nigeria. Next to capitulate was the city of Agades in Niger, and finally the regions to the far west of the empire around the Atlantic. As the kingdom grew into an empire, Askia Mohammed I came up with new methods of government, establishing a strongly centralised administration. Among the most important posts were the Minister of Treasury, the Minister of Tax Collection, the Minister of the Army and Navy, and the Minister of Trade and Industry. In some territories, the Askia allowed the regional kings to rule as they had before, just as long as they paid tribute. In other territories, the Askia created a parallel post to the local governor called the mondyo (i.e. inspector), who formed the official link to the imperial Songhai government. Askia Mohammed I died in 1538 and was buried in a Step Pyramid at Gao. He is fondly remembered as Askia the Great.

Mansa Musa I ascended the throne of Mali in 1312 AD. He was, perhaps, the most colourful personality in West African history. Of this monarch, Dr DeGraft-Johnson, a Ghanaian historian, wrote that: "It was in 1324 … that the world awoke to the splendour and grandeur of Mali. There across the African desert, and making its way to Mecca, was a caravan of a size which had never before been seen, a caravan consisting of 60,000 men. They were Mansa Musa's men, and Mansa Musa was with them. He was not going to war: he was merely going to worship at Mecca. The huge caravan included a personal retinue of 12,000 slaves, all dressed in brocade and Persian silk. Mansa Musa himself rode on horseback, and directly preceding him were 500 slaves, each carrying a staff of gold weighing about six pounds (500 mitkal). Then came Mansa Musa's baggage-train of eighty camels, each carrying 300 pounds (three kantar) weight of gold dust. This imposing caravan made its way from Niani on the Upper Niger to Walata, then to Tuat, and then on to Cairo. Mansa Musa's piety and open-handed generosity, the fine clothes and good behaviour of his followers, all quickly made a good impression. One might have thought that a pilgrimage to Mecca undertaken with such pomp and ceremony would have ulterior political motives, but no such motives have ever been adduced." In Egypt, Musa spent so much money in gold that he devastated that nation's economy. "

During his return journey from Mecca, Musa heard news that his army captured Gao in 1325. Sagmandia, one of his generals, led the victorious invasion. The captured city of Gao was a great prize. Al-Idrissi, the distinguished author mentioned earlier, described it as a "populous, unwalled, commercial and industrial town, in which were to be found the produce of all arts and trades necessary for its inhabitants". Tim Insoll from St. John's College, Cambridge University, carried out important excavations in Gao. Some of his finds were on display at the British Museum at the time of one of our visits. Particularly intriguing was an exhibit entitled: "Fragments of alabaster window surrounds and a piece of pink window glass, Gao 10th - 14th century." Musa made a detour and visited the captured metropolis. In this city, he received the two sons of the Gao king as hostages, Ali Kolon and Suleiman Nar. He returned to Niani with the two boys and later educated them at his court.

white trunks

i really don't think so.

One sold on eBay for about $30.00 recently

kesiana jaden rashad and alisia

Some say his Parkinson's disease is a direct result of the punches he took over the years, but there's no scientific evidence to support that theory.

supposed UFO sightings?

He was 12 years old.

Purchased in 2000.

ref : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Davis_Pochin

Imetal bought ECC (English China Clay) and changed name from Imetal to Imerys.

molei Mazar u Din give the title Quaid a Azam to Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1938 in news paper Aman

He won 56 with 37 by ko and he lost 5. of those 5 he avenged three (two of them twice) and the last two defeats were his last two fight.

Painting

Ali/Clay hit the canvas 4 times. The only men who achieved this were Sonny Banks, Henry Cooper, Joe Frazier and Chuck Wepner.

Ali was never counted out in his career.

however , most experts agree the wepner knock down was an erroneous call by referee tony Perez as wepner actually pushed ali as he was standing on Ali's foot and ali went down.

However no rule in boxing against stepping on a foot, it was not a push but a punch. I was there and saw it first hand.

Muhammad Ali threw his gold medal in thew Ohio River.

Parkinson's disease, like Michael J. Fox.

BOXER

Muhammad Ali went to school in Maine and he was a A average and he graduated 1 out of 347

No, there have been several instances when he didn't. For example, his first fight against Liston he wore white shorts but instead of black they had a red line down the side and waistband. He also wore these against Ernie Terrell. Against Henry Cooper Ali wore red and white satin shorts and in "The Fight of the Century" against Joe Frazier he wore a beautiful pair of red and white shorts again but this time they were velvet instead of satin. He also had a matching robe. They were the most stunning looking trunks I have ever seen. He also had red tassels on his white shoes that completed the look.

Cassius Clay turned Muhamed Ali fought Lewis in 1972 at Croke Park.

You don't have to call anyone, they send you a check on the mail! lauren.gillis@aol.com

Muhammad Ali -unprobably- captured the world Hvywt. title for a -second time- when he -UPSET- George Foreman, by 8th r. knock-out in their -famous- MEETING, those -years ago- in ZAIRE (-PROMOTER-DON KING CAME to the fore from that promotin/ there, -forward-). The such was "Hughly" -unexpected-, but, somehow, Ali "pulled-it-off". AND HE CONTINUED HIS CAREER FROM THAT POINT// MOVING FORWARD with the Muhammad Ali -career- from THAT ONE MATCH -forward- what we find is that, Ali, while -extending- his 'longevity' and -adding- to that fights -roster-...the "edge" had been dulled. You can examine the fights he had in this time period and the such is -SELF-EVIDENT- to ANYONE who would be considered "knowledgeable" with this sport. The wins he -gained- were with -crediable-opposition- but, sometimes, dull; & close fights, too. MANY a fan though Ken Norton beat him -in their third meeting-. When he defended against Jimmy Young, NBC swithboards were "overloaded" with irate complaints, after the fight finished (though.."Historians" are very critical of Young's illegal tactics, in that fight....). FINALLY, eight bouts Novice-pro Leon Spinks (a "Draw" in his previous with SCOTT LeDOUX/-don't let anyone ever tell you that Scott LeDoux's CAREER -is not- "Captivating". It MOST CERTAINLY -was--) captured the imagination of the whole world - in a single night/UPSETING ALI for the TITLE. Ali managed to recapture, but, the TITLE "splintered" from there. Meanwhile, KEN NORTON had won the Other half of the World-title. And Ali now -retired-

-LET A LITTLE TIME, PASS- -COMES ALI --OUT OF RETIREMENT--WITH HIS NEW CHALLENGE BEING THAT OF THE "VERY FORMIDABLE" LARRY HOLMES. Holmes had beat Norton for the WBC championship (that -fight- "listed" as one of the greatest competitions in the Heavyweight Div./"All Time"). -Ali had done "so many" "miricles" in the -past- -some- folks thought he 'maybe' could 'surprise', once more. NOTHING DOING -and even- a first "TKO" defeat was -suffered- The "Once brilliant" -Muhammad Ali- -at 37- -had shown his -years-- THERE WOULD BE NO MORE COME-BACKS. "the Greatest" had come to the -end- of the road. But, wait, he had one more -fight- Trevor Berbick, of Canada, a brutish and strong young -Contender- and Ali squared off in a match staged in the BAHAMAS. "Ring Magazine" refused to even cover it(-or did they-? That is what they SAID, at-the-time). The fight went the distance. Berbick won the decision and the LEGEND of -Muhammad Ali- was -finished-. Of Course, it will never be "errased" what Ali had done, with his career. I had made this POST on January 12, 2010 -five days from- Ali's 68TH birthday/// I had -once- met him in person - a day in September, 79 -after- the Spinks -rematch- and prior to the -last return-. THOUGH AT THE END OF HIS CAREER - he-was a "young-man-then". What is he like in person? He's -gentle- -I had brought him a gift, and, he thanked-me in an absolutely genuine matter.

------------for readers from CONNECTICUT, Brad Davis, the RADIO personality, was -SEATED- right beside Muhammad A. when we 'mixed' -and- Brad got into our conversation, too(location: the EX-"Mark Anthony's" Wf. Ave., Hartford)-----------------------------------------Happy Birthday Muhammad, and "thank you" for the -letter- one time -you sent me- LOVE THE ERA THAT YOU FOUGHT IN/ ESPECIALLY FROM FRAZIER,-forward

39,5 cm in age 29.

Marcellus ( Cassius MARCELLUS Clay ) >> Muhammad Ali.

Rasheeda, Jamilla,Maryum, Miya, Khalilah and older sister Hana ali

no