Nuclear Physics

Alpha radiation is the smallest type of nuclear radiation consisting of helium nuclei (2 protons and 2 neutrons). Due to its large size and positive charge, it penetrates materials poorly and is stopped by a sheet of paper or the outer layer of human skin.

A typical uranium fission event produces 2 to 3 neutrons. These neutrons are moderated (slowed down) and go on to initiate the fission of more uranium. On average, in a controlled reaction that is maintained at normal criticality (KEffective = 1), each fission creates exactly one neutron that is used to produce another fission.

No, protons and alpha particles are different. Alpha particles are helium nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons, while protons are fundamental particles that carry a positive electric charge. Protons have much smaller mass and energy compared to alpha particles.

One Atomic Mass Unit (AMU, or µ) is the mass of 1/12 of the rest mass of an unbound carbon-12 atom. It is about 1.660 538 921×10-27 kg.

1.0079 µ is 1.673 657 178 x 10-27 kg, which is approximately the mass of a proton (1.672 621 777 x 10-27 kg) or a neutron (1.674 927 351 x 10-27 kg). One kilogram is about 6.022 141 290 x 10+26 µ, which is (about) the Avogadro constant, i.e. the number of particles of a matter in one molar mass of that matter.

Infra-red by itself is not dangerous at all. It is around us everyday. But I am sure that you are actually curious about infra-red LASERS. If shined into the eyes, IR Lasers can burn and permanently damage the retinas.

Generally, no; the half-life of a radionuclide is fixed and unalterable by external means. However, nuclides that decay by beta+ decay due to electron capture or internal conversion can be influenced by ionization state, due to the unavailability of electrons, or the availability of electron positions (non bound state).

After decay, Iodine-125 brachytherapy seeds lose their radioactivity and become stable. They no longer emit radiation and pose a reduced risk to surrounding tissues. The decay products may still remain in the body but at very low levels that are generally not harmful.

A stable isotope does not have a half-life because of the definition of stable versus radioactive. It is stable, and does not decay; thus, it has no half-life. Only unstable, i.e. radioactive isotopes have half-lives.

There are some isotopes that are thought to be unstable, but for which we have been unable to measure the half-life because it is so long. These are examples of some of the primordial nuclides, such as Ta-180m, estimated to have a half-life in excess of 1015 years, far longer than the known age of the universe.

The calorific value of uranium-235 is approximately 24 million kilocalories per gram. This high value is due to the energy released through nuclear fission processes when uranium-235 undergoes nuclear reactions.

Tom Imura, Preacher Jack, White Bear, Big Zac, Zac Junior, multiple bounty hunters and townspeople. Charlie Pink-Eye is also quieted.

Preacher Jack kills tom, benny kills preacher jack, Lilah kills White Bear, Zac Junior kills Big Zac after Zac is bitten, and a giant war kills hundreds of townspeople and bounty hunters. Charlie is quieted by Nix.

In the beginning, an elderly town man dies and kills his whole family that lives with him, which spreads to Zac Junior and Big Zac's house.

Yes, the speed at which a toy car rolls can be affected by factors such as the weight of the car, the smoothness of the wheels, and the surface it is rolling on. Cars with less friction between the wheels and the surface will generally roll more quickly than cars with more friction.

Democritus made his observations on atoms around 400 BC. He proposed that all matter is made up of indivisible particles called atoms, which he believed were constantly in motion. These ideas laid the foundation for the modern atomic theory.

Avalanching in a GM counter is when one ionizing event leads to others, due to the attractive force of the positive voltage on the anode. This allows you to detect the event because, otherwise, the energy transferred by just one ionizing interaction would not be large enough to be detected. This sequence concludes with all of the charge on the anode being depleted.

The initial event is an interaction between the gamma ray and the tube. The subsequent events are electron cascade sequences.

It is a function of voltage. As voltage is slowly increased, the tube goes into and out of linear mode, and then it goes into avalanche mode. Prior to avalanche mode, some charge remains. In linear mode, the amount of charge is proportional to the energy of the initial interaction.

Some tubes are designed to self-quench, stopping the cascade before all of the charge is depleted. This improves recovery time and allows higher count rates to be observed.

Marie Curie discovered that by taking bitumen tar, and breaking it down

into seperate components thereby eliminating substances ,

the end result was to produce a 1 substance or element.

this was Radium

and it was seen to emit light.

The emission of light was interprated as an example of natural energy.

the conclusion from this was that a substance or element

has a form of energy within it and the energy can be derived from within the substance.

the energy given off, in the form of light showed that it was a pure element.

The half-life of beta-galactosidase can vary depending on factors such as temperature and pH. In E. coli, the half-life of beta-galactosidase has been reported to be around 24 hours under certain conditions.

Correction curves are used to adjust the colors, exposure, or contrast of an image. They help fine-tune specific tonal ranges within an image to achieve a desired look or correct any color or exposure issues. By manipulating the curve, you can enhance the overall quality of an image.

Carbon-dating

No. Beta particles are electrons (sometimes positrons, the antiparticles of electrons, are referred to as betas also).

"Negative meson" is not a specific particle. It would be a type of particle which is a) a meson, or two-quark hadron, and b) negatively charged. There are several particles which fit that description, but none of them are electrons (or positrons), which are not hadrons but leptons (a type of elementary particle, not made up of quarks at all).

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No, a beta particle is an electron or positron. Mesons are not produced by radioactive decay, but appear in nature only as short-lived products of very high-energy interactions in matter and are composed of one quark and one antiquark, bound together by the strong interaction. Charged mesons decay (sometimes through intermediate particles) to form electrons and neutrinos. Uncharged mesons may decay to photons.

Alpha particles, which are helium nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons, are large and positively charged. Electrons have almost no mass and are negatively charged. They would be attracted to alpha particles, not deflected. Protons are approximately 2000 times larger than electrons and are positively charged, therefore they would be much more effective in deflecting alpha particles. Remember that like charges repel.

Neutrons are used to bombard nuclei because they have no charge, allowing them to penetrate the nucleus and interact with its protons and neutrons. This can induce nuclear reactions, such as fission or fusion, leading to the production of new isotopes or releases of energy. Neutron bombardment is essential in nuclear reactors and accelerators for research purposes.

Normal dispersion occurs where shorter wavelengths travel slower than longer wavelengths. Anomalous dispersion occurs when shorter wavelengths travel faster than longer wavelengths.

The zero dispersion point for optic fibres is around 1550 nm, which is why most communications systems use this wavelength.

Gamma radiation can cause serious problems to the body. If you come in contact with high levels of radiation it can cause serious illness and death. Possible symptoms include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, headache, fever, dizziness and disorientation, weakness, fatigue, hair loss, bloody vomit and stools, infections, poor wound healing and low blood pressure.

Mainly Plutonium fuel.

They are usually started on highly enriched uranium (i.e., weapons grade) fuel, with a breeding blanket of depleted uranium surrounding the core. Over time the breeding blanket is periodically changed and the old one reprocessed to extract plutonium; which is used to make replacement fuel for the reactor (and sometimes others). So the reactor starts on uranium fuel and each time the fuel is replaced it transitions gradually to plutonium fuel.

It is also possible to tune a breeder reactor to operate as a plutonium burner (without breeding new fuel). Such a reactor would burn plutonium only. This has been suggested as an effective means of disposing of the current "excess" of plutonium removed from retired nuclear weapons.