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Nuclear Physics
Most commonly known for its applications in nuclear energy and nuclear weapons, Nuclear Physics also has applications in medicine and archaeology. This category is for questions about the branch of physics that deals with the study of the forces, reactions, and internal structures of atomic nuclei, Nuclear Physics.
3,164 Questions
A beta particle may be spontaneously emitted from?
the nucleus of an atom undergoing radioactive decay, typically from elements that are not stable due to an imbalance of protons and neutrons. This emission helps the atom achieve a more stable nuclear configuration by transforming a neutron into a proton, electron, and antineutrino.
An alpha particle is identical to a?
An alpha particle is a helium-4 nucleus. It has two protons and two neutrons, and we write it like this: 24He++ or more commonly 24He2+ Some links can be found below.
What are the uses of radioactive elements in 1.medicine 2. industries?
Medical scanning technology, energy production, as the fission of radioactive atoms releases large amounts of energy
Technetium, Actinium, Astatine, Radon, Plutonium, Neptunium, Uranium, Einsteinium, Fermium, Berkelium, Curium, and Protactinium.
Describe the density and charge of the nucleus?
Can be found via electron scattering. Hofstander from Stanford got the Nobel prize for it.
rho(r) = rho0 / (1 +Exp[(r - a)]/b)
The parameter b is a measure of the surface thickness.
What process does nuclear energy go through?
If you're referring to nuclear energy in power generating plants, it is nuclear fission. If you're referring to the nuclear energy in our Sun, it is nuclear fusion.
Is nuclear fallout same as radiation?
No, nuclear waste and radioactive waste are not supposed to be synonymous, even if the media attempts to show them in the same light. See these from the NRC's website. Radioactive waste is a grouping containing low level waste, something which could be harmful to humans more in theory (as in contaminated shoe covers), and high level waste, which (is nuclear waste, reprocessed waste, and other things) will easily kill you. Nuclear waste is a sub-group of Radioactive waste. So a truck spill of radioactive waste on a high-way might just be spent latex doctors gloves.
= Low-Level Waste = Low-level waste includes items that have become contaminated with radioactive material or have become radioactive through exposure to neutron radiation. This waste typically consists of contaminated protective shoe covers and clothing, wiping rags, mops, filters, reactor water treatment residues, equipments and tools, luminous dials, medical tubes, swabs, injection needles, syringes, and laboratory animal carcasses and tissues. The radioactivity can range from just above background levels found in nature to very highly radioactive in certain cases such as parts from inside the reactor vessel in a nuclear power plant. Low-level waste is typically stored on-site by licensees, either until it has decayed away and can be disposed of as ordinary trash, or until amounts are large enough for shipment to a low-level waste disposal site in containers approved by the Department of Transportation.
= High-Level Waste = High-level radioactive wastes are the highly radioactive materials produced as a byproduct of the reactions that occur inside nuclear reactors. High-level wastes take one of two forms: * Spent (used) reactor fuel when it is accepted for disposal * Waste materials remaining after spent fuel is reprocessed Spent nuclear fuel is used fuel from a reactor that is no longer efficient in creating electricity, because its fission process has slowed. However, it is still thermally hot, highly radioactive, and potentially harmful. Until a permanent disposal repository for spent nuclear fuel is built, licensees must safely store this fuel at their reactors. Reprocessing extracts isotopes from spent fuel that can be used again as reactor fuel. Commercial reprocessing is currently not practiced in the United States, although it has been allowed in the past. However, significant quantities of high-level radioactive waste are produced by the defense reprocessing programs at Department of Energy (DOE) facilities, such as Hanford, Washington, and Savannah River, South Carolina, and by commercial reprocessing operations at West Valley, New York. These wastes, which are generally managed by DOE, are not regulated by NRC. However they must be included in any high-level radioactive waste disposal plans, along with all high-level waste from spent reactor fuel. Because of their highly radioactive fission products, high-level waste and spent fuel must be handled and stored with care. Since the only way radioactive waste finally becomes harmless is through decay, which for high-level wastes can take hundreds of thousands of years, the wastes must be stored and finally disposed of in a way that provides adequate protection of the public for a very long time.
How long will it take half of a radioactive sample to decay?
The time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay is known as the half-life. Each radioactive element has a unique half-life, which could range from fractions of a second to billions of years. The half-life remains constant regardless of the size of the initial sample.
What is the difference between an ordinary chemical equation and a nuclear equation?
An atomic bomb works by having a number of neutrons released from the nucleus, and these in turn will dislodge more neutrons from other atoms and so on. Provided the number of neutrons released continues to grow, a nuclear explosion will result.
A significant problem is in having enough neutrons released to start the chain reaction going. This will not usually take place with ordinary materials, and the starting material has to be made to release more neutrons than it would do naturally. This is done by compressing the start material, but as you know, trying to compress a solid is difficult. A spherical cage of conventional explosive (shaped charge) is the most common method.
Returning to the question, there is no single "equation". If you look up the work of folk like Richard Feynman, and J R Oppenheimer, you'll be better informed.
When an atom emits a beta particle the number of nucleons?
In this case the atomic number is increased with one.
What is radiation measured in?
The answer is Rads. Did you know that 1,000 Rads can kill a man, while some bugs can withstand 1,000,000 Rads!!!
noo its Becquerels or Curie, RADS is an old measurement or nuclear radioactivity of Alpha Beta and Gamma.
Actually all of this is true. There are lots of ways of measuring radiation depending an what it is about radiation you want to measure. This may help:
Radiation Measurements
Curie - Named after Mary Curie. This measurement is used to measure
how radioactive an object is and/or how much radiation it
produces.
Roentgen - How much radiation is present in the air of a specific environment
Rad/Rem - Measure of any type of ionizing radiation including Alpha, Beta,
Gamma and 'X'. It measures How much radiation is absorbed by an
object.
More on Rems and Rads
Rad stands for Radiation Absorbed Dose. 1 Rad is 100ergs (ergs is a measurement of energy)
Rem stands for Roentgen Equivalent Man. Used to describe and define the limits of people who are around radiation. (How much radiation they can take.) Rems can also be presented as millirems and rems per hour.
The Metric version of Rads and Rems is Gray and Sievent.
Gray is a precise measurement of the amount of energy the ionizing radiation gives to the tissue it passes through.
Sievent takes into account the types of radiation and gives a biological measurement of how dangerous the absorbed radiation is to the body.
* Nuclear fuel for nuclear power reactors (Pu-239 and Pu-241 are fissile isotopes) * Nuclear weapons
* Power and thermal sources - Pu-238 (for pacemakers, spacecrafts, etc.)
* Neutron source, as Pu-Be
What is the radioactive form of carbon?
There are several radioactive forms of carbon. The most familiar, used in carbon dating, is carbon-14. All of the others have very short half-lives.
Isotopes of carbon range from carbon-8 to carbon-22. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable and non-radioactive. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5730 years. The longest lived beyond that is carbon-11 at 20.3 minutes.
Roentgenium is a highly unstable and synthetic element that is not used for any practical applications. It is mainly used for research purposes to study the properties of superheavy elements and understand the periodic table.
If an atom has 17 protons 13 neutrons and 19 electrons what is the atoms electrical charge?
An atom with 17 protons and 19 electrons has a charge of -2, due to the excess of electrons.
An atom with 17 protons, 13 neutrons, and 19 electrons is an ion of the isotope Chlorine-30, which has a half life of less than 30 nanoseconds, so that atom will not exist very long.
How does the volume of a liquid affect heat loss?
The greater the surface area to volume ratio of an organism, the more heat is lost from their bodies. This is because heat can escape more readily if the ratio is larger. Although polar bears are massive, their relative surface area : volume proportion is small compared to animals that live in the desert, such as camels. Compare the short, stumpy legs of the bear, with the tall gangly limbs of camels.
What is the half-life of 20 g of a radioactive sample if 5 g remain after 8 minutes?
If it was fully radio-active at the beginning, after 5 hrs it is 50%, at 10 hrs it is 25%, at 15 hrs it is 12.5%, and at 20 hrs it is only 6.25% as radioactive as it was at the beginning.
When a radioactive isotope emits a its atomic number increases?
When a radioactive isotope emits a beta particle (high-energy electron), a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton. This causes the atomic number of the nucleus to increase by one because a proton has a positive charge and changes a neutron to a proton increases the atomic number.
How big is a barn in standard units?
Chicken barn sizes vary depending on the number of chickens that need housing. The chicken barn should provide enough room for the chicken to be comfortable moving around and nesting.
The product of the beta decay of Francium is?
There are several isotopes of francium. Starting with 87220Fr, and going on up to 87232Fr, beta- decay is present in one form or another. Below 87220Fr, we start to see beta+ decay. Mixed in with all of this, we see alpha decay from time to time.
Beta-
A neutron is converted into a proton, increasing the atomic number by 1, and keeping the atomic mass number the same. If the parent were 87222Fr, for example, the daughter would be 88222Ra. (Radium) Resulting emissions would include beta particles in the form of electrons and electron antineutrinos, as well as gamma and x-ray from time to time.
Beta+
A proton is converted into a neutron, decreasing the atomic number by 1, and keeping the atomic mass number the same. If the parent were 87212Fr, for example, the daughter would be 86212Rn. (Radon). Resulting emissions would include beta particles in the form of positrons and electron neutrinos, as well as gamma and x-ray from time to time.
Alpha
A helium nucleus, 24He2+, is ejected, reducing the atomic number by 2, and reducing the atomic mass number by 4. If the parent were 87212Fr, for example, the daughter would be 85208At. (Astatine) Resulting emissions would be the helium nucleus as described above, as well as gamma and x-ray from time to time.
Note that I chose 87212Fr deliberately, because it does have two decay sequences, both alpha, and beta+.
How does a hydrogen bomb work and how is it different from an atomic bomb?
A hydrogen bomb works by fusing hydrogen isotopes, the product weighing less than the initial hydrogen isotopes. The difference in weight is released in energy. Its the same way the sun works. An atom bomb works by splitting a fuel apart on the atomic level, like plutonium or enriched uranium. An H-bomb is a lot more powerful, in the mega ton range.
What is the longest half life of a benzo?
According to University of Waterloo research, the half-life of benzene in soil/groundwater is between 10 - 720 days.
