Nuclear Physics

A weak force is one of the fundamental forces of nature. Weak forces are responsible for radioactivity in certain items, which can cause cancer if not protected. It is also a force that is significant when atoms break apart.

Cockroaches would out-survive humans when being exposed to increased levels of radiation. However, most other insects can out-survive cockroaches, and some microbes can out-survive insects. A reason most insects can endure high levels of radiation is that their cells divide less frequently. Radiation interferes with the way cells divide. Every division multiplies the damage caused by radiation. If a cell divides less frequently, accumulation of damage will occur with less speed. Insects are thus less affected by radiation.

It would be better to say that neutrons do participate in the binding force that holds nuclei together, but do not alone act as the glue. Both protons and neutrons are attracted and bound in nuclei by the nuclear force. The strong force itself, a fundamental force in physics behind this short-distance attraction between nucleons, is actually mediated by another particle - the gluon.

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Two hydrogen atoms at extreme speed/heat merge into one helium atom with the loss in mass converted to heat, light and energy in form of waves. This is typical fusion. There are a few other theoretical fusions involving helium and higher order atoms.

The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons. (Only hydrogen-1 is the exception.) The protons all carry a positive charge, and we know from electrostatics that like charges repel. How can protons be bound in an atomic nucleus? Something must overcome the electrostatic or coulomb forces that want to push the protons apart. That force is binding energy or nuclear glue. Binding energy or nuclear glue, sometimes called the residual strong interaction, is what overcomes the coulomb forces, as stated. This binding energy is created during atomic fusion, and each nucleon involved in the fusion process contributes some of its mass to create the binding energy. This is called mass deficit, and neutrons are essential in the fusion process. The protons and neutrons (neucleons) involved in any fusion reaction all contribute some mass to the creation of the "appropriate amount" of binding energy necessary to hold the whole new nucleus together. Protons alone cannot be fused.

The dangers of beta radiation are that it can penetrate skin to the germinal layer which is where new skin cells are produced and if the beta emitting contaminants are allowed to remain on the skin for too long they can cause skin injuries.

It can cause cancer

An alpha and a beta emission

The energy we receive from the sun is nuclear in origin, and that is what caused the vegetation to grow that turned into fossil fuels. The sun's heat drives the weather and that produces wind for wind turbines and rain for hydro power and ocean waves for wave power. The uranium we use probably arose from supernovas that preceded the sun's formation, but we can now use the nuclear energy it contains. Biomass is obvously a product of the sun's heating effects. I can't think of anything else.

Under normal conditions, i.e. non-ionic, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

Since it is called "the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle" it is neither a scientific law nor a theory. It is a principle.

Yes, uranium is a stored form of energy. It is a radioactive element that can undergo nuclear fission, releasing a significant amount of energy in the form of heat. This heat can be harnessed to generate electricity in nuclear power plants.

Alpha particles deflect backwards due to repulsive electrostatic force between the particles and nucleus. They are all charged positively (like charges repel), hence the repulsive electrostatic force

Because there are electrons that counter the effects of the nucleus. Basally the nuclease is + and the electrons are - thereby canceling each other out. The reason why the electrons aren't pulled in by the protons is because electrons are constantly rotating in different patterns and electron wave levels according the the electron wave model.

Uranium-238 is converted to plutonium-239 through a process called nuclear transmutation. This typically involves bombarding uranium-238 with neutrons in a controlled environment, such as a nuclear reactor. The uranium-238 absorbs a neutron and undergoes a series of nuclear reactions, eventually transforming into plutonium-239.

Lead-210 decays by alpha or beta decay.

The equation for the alpha decay of 210Pb is:

82210Pb --> 80206Hg + 24He

representing the alpha particle as a helium nucleus.

The equation for the beta decay of 210Pb is:

82210Pb --> 83210Bi + -10e

where the -10e is an electron.

Yes I think so, there has been in the last 25 years or so a lack of new plants but there will probably be an increase in the next 10 years since fossil fuels are getting much more expensive and may be in short supply

An element undergoing a reaction is typically in its pure form, either as a solid, liquid, or gas, and is reacting with other elements or compounds to form new substances. During the reaction, the element's bonds with other atoms are broken and new bonds are formed, resulting in a chemical change. This process can lead to the element gaining or losing electrons to achieve a more stable configuration.

The purpose of 3 field crop rotation was to allow fields a chance to regain minerals in between periods of growing crops. Every time a crop is planted and harvested, minerals are lost from the soil. This is due to the plants taking them from the soil to aid their growth. To prevent the fields becoming infertile a 3 field crop rotation system can be used to help with this problem. By not using one field, or planting crops (such as clover) which return nutrients to the soil, it could maintain a good amount of crop produced each year without making the fields infertile.

It means that after the specified time, half the atoms will have broken apart - converting into some other kind of atom.

It means that after the specified time, half the atoms will have broken apart - converting into some other kind of atom.

It means that after the specified time, half the atoms will have broken apart - converting into some other kind of atom.

It means that after the specified time, half the atoms will have broken apart - converting into some other kind of atom.

Under nuclear fission with thermal neutrons uranium release an enormous quantity of energy (202,5 MeV per one atom of 235U); the obtained heat is converted in electricity.

By definition, halflife is the time during which half of the atoms originally present will undergo radioactive change. Therefore, after 15 hours, the number of atoms of Na24 remaining will be half the original number, 500; after an additional 15 hours, the number of atoms remaining will be 250, and after 45 hours the number remaining will be 125 (this is the answer). (Actually, 1000 atoms is too small a number for the halflife to be exactly manifested, but the earlier part of the answer assumes that it is.)

so what he's trying to say is the answer is 125

Gamma emission is not a decay process. It is a restabilization process of the nucleus in response to some other decay process, such as alpha or beta, which leaves the nucleus in an excited state. When the nucleus comes down from that excited state it emits a photon of energy equal to the step change in energy that was made.

Short answer: The atomic mass or atomic number of a nucleus is not changed, specifically, by the gamma emission, but it is changed by the precipitating alpha or beta (or other) event that left the nucleus in an excited state.

Slightly more correct answer: The mass of the nucleus is decreased by the equivalent mass of the loss of energy that occurs. This ratio is e=mc2, where c2 is 9 x 1018, so you can see that the delta mass due to gamma emission is very, very small.

When you write out the symbol for an isotope, it has two numbers before the chemical symbol....the bottom one is the atomic number (#protons) and the top one is the atomic mass (#protons + # neutrons).

Since the letter abbreviation is given, the bottom number is kind of redundant. So, sometimes people will write the abbreviation as the letter abbreviation followed by the mass number. So, Rb-82 would have 37 protons and 82-37 neutrons (45).

Beta particles would be written as a beta with the top number being zero (negligible mass for this purpose) and the bottom number being -1.

So, if you lose a zero from the atomic mass, there is no change. If you lose a negative one from the atomic number, the atomic number increases by 1.

So, for example, Th-234 has an atomic number of 90. Loss of a beta doesn't change its mass (still 234), but changes its identity to 91, which is the element Protocinium (Pa-234).