Nuclear Physics

I'm assuming you mean Uranium 235 (the dangerous kind).

Through nuclear decay we have this.

U235 -> Th231 + a (a = alpha radiation particle). This yeilds 4.679 MeV of energy.

Through nuclear fission, it is a lot more complicated. Since the Uranium particle does not always break the same way. Sometimes it will break into Cs135 and Mo100, and sometimes it will break into Sr89 and Nd146.

These fission particles (the leftovers after uranium breaks up) will often go through rapid nuclear decay, because they are often very unstable, and will keep decaying down until they get to more stable materials. So it is really hard to map exactly what is happening on the whole.

This process is called particle radiation or particle emission, and it occurs when high-energy particles such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays are released from the nucleus of an atom. This emission can happen during radioactive decay or in nuclear reactions.

The "MV" in MV photon stands for Mega-electron Volt. It is a unit of energy commonly used in medical imaging and radiation therapy to represent the energy level of X-ray or gamma-ray photons.

If the question asks about each type of particle, here is a general answer.

The antiproton is the antiparticle of the proton - antimatter. Though it is stable, it will combine with a proton pretty quickly, and the two particles will mutually annihilate each other releasing very high energy gamma rays (cosmic rays).

A positron is the antiparticle of the electron - and antielectron. It's antimater, too. It will combine with an electron in mutual annihilation and produce high energy gamma rays.

A meson is a subatomic particle consisting of a quark-antiquark pair. It's a strongly interacting boson. There are some 20 different types of them, too.

A muon is a negatively charged elementary particle. It can be thought of as an "overweight" electron. It is unstable, and has a mean lifetime of about 2.2 microsecnds. It will decay into an electron, a pair of neutrinos and possibly some other particles.

Links are provided to posts on each of these particles, and you'll find those links below.

If you take one day equal to 24 hours, then 1 day constitutes 2 Half lives.

Mass of isotope left after 12 hours=10/2=5g

Mass of isotope left after 2 half lives or 1 day=5/2=2.5g.

The alpha particle is a helium-4 nucleus. The mass is 6,644 656 75(29).10-27 kg. The electrical charge is +2. The have a great energy and are dangerous for the organism. But they can be easily stopped by a piece of paper.

Electron: J. J. Thomson (1897)

Proton: Ernest Rutherford (1920)

Neutron: James Chadwick (1932)

(nucleus : Rutherford 1911)

Helium nucleus.

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Radio Telescope

The strong nuclear force is mediated by the gluon and acts on both quarks and gluons themselves. The most common examples of the strong nuclear force are the binding of quarks to form protons and neutrons, and the binding of quarks to form mesons, which in turn are the particles that hold the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus.

The weak nuclear force is mediated by the W+, W-, and Z bosons and acts on all 6 flavors of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom; and all 6 flavors of leptons: electrons, electron neutrinos, muons, muon neutrinos, taus, and tau neutrinos.

This question can't be answered because you haven't said what the units are. You have just said 1.673 X 10-20 somethings. The mantissa of your number is strangely familiar. 1.673 X 10-27 Kg is the mass of the proton, which is a positively charged particle. This could also be put as 1.673 X 10-24 g or 1.673 X 10-21 mg. The exponent of 10-20 is the only thing stopping load cries of Eureka ! from here. You might like to check the number of zeros in your question.

Neptunium is an artificial chemical element. Neptunium can be found in the nature only in ultratraces resulting from nuclear weapons experiments, radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors or from other experiments. Neptunium is found also in extremely low concentrations in uranium ores.

1. Ernest Rutherford was known as the father of nuclear physics.

2. Niels Bohr was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics.

3. Enrico Fermi was an Italian physicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor.

4. Robert Oppenheimer was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is best known for his role as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project.

5. J. J. Thomson was a British physicist and Nobel laureate, credited for the discovery of the electron and of isotopes.

The half life of the most important isotope (239Pu) is 2,41.104 years.

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The proton (charge +1) and the neutron (charge 0) make up the nucleus of the atom, giving it an overall positive charge. The electrons (charge -1) orbit the nucleus, arranged in energy levels or 'shells'.

Positrons were first suggested by Paul Dirac in 1928, and they were observed directly in a cloud chamber by Carl D. Anderson in 1932. It should be noted that Caltech graduate student Chung-Yao Chao is credited with detecting the positron in 1930, but he was unable to explain it. As regards Anderson's experiment, it was fairly simple. Highly energetic cosmic rays passing through the cloud chamber interacted with other atoms in a number of pair production events. These high energy gamma rays were actually "creating" matter from electromagnetic energy. A magnetic field set up in the chamber caused the particle pairs, which are an electron and a positron, to be deflected in opposite directions because of their opposite charges. There was only one explanation for the observed results, and this explanation included the existence of a positron, the antiparticle of the electron. Just as Dirac predicted. Positrons have been seen as products in numerous high energy physics experiments. In addition, they are actually used in medical imaging, and we see this in Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan). Without positrons, PET scans wouldn't be possible. Links are provided below for more information.

Possible neutrino change.

The electron neutrino is formed by one energy quantum. This particle is characterised by mass wave which is unclosed.

Muon neutrino and tauon neutrino are only one particle. This particle is formed by unsymmetrical couple of energy quanta. This particle is characterised by two mass waves (unsymmetrical and unclosed) with length proportion 1:2. Such structure consequence is periodical energy change of particle with energies proportion 3:1 in dependence on time. Both time periods are identical and relatively long. This results of considerations on the theme the Theory of Everything.

The isotope Pu-239 does. (It's actually about 24,100 years). Other isotopes of plutonium have a different half-life, and these vary (for the more common isotopes) from a few years to millions of years. A link can be found below.

Yes, nuclear power plays a significant role in the British economy by providing a stable source of energy, supporting jobs in the industry, and contributing to the country's energy security. However, there is ongoing debate around the costs and risks associated with nuclear power in the UK.

If we are just considering the "basic" nuclear reaction in a "regular" nuclear reactor, the particles of interest are the uranium-235 atoms (which are fissionable), and the neutrons, which get loose and cause fissions when they are absorbed by the U-235 atoms. We could broaden this to include some other reactions, but this is a fabulous place to begin to investigate nuclear physics.

Physical properties of californium - Atomic number: 98 - Isotopes: 20 - Isomers: 1 - Electron configuration: [Rn]5f10.7s2 - Electrons per shell: 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2 - Thermal conductivity: - Electrical resistivity: - Mohs hardness: 3-4 - Californium is malleable - Californium is paramagnetic at room temperature - Melting point: 900 0C - Boiling point (estimated): 1 470 0C - Density: 15,1 g/cm3 - First ionization energy: 608 kJ/mol - Crystalline structure (at r.m.): double hexagonal close-packed - Bulk modulus: 50 ± 5 GPa

The new atom formed from the decay of Neptunium-237 is Protactinium-233. After emitting an alpha particle (Helium-4 nucleus), a beta particle (electron or positron), and a gamma ray (photon), Neptunium-237 transmutes into Protactinium-233.