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Nuclear Physics
Most commonly known for its applications in nuclear energy and nuclear weapons, Nuclear Physics also has applications in medicine and archaeology. This category is for questions about the branch of physics that deals with the study of the forces, reactions, and internal structures of atomic nuclei, Nuclear Physics.
3,164 Questions
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What is the element formed during aplha decay?
The element formed during alpha decay is a new element with an atomic number that is 2 less and an atomic mass that is 4 less than the original element. An alpha particle, which consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, is emitted during the process.
What is the Half- Life of plutonium?
The half life of the most important isotope (239Pu) is 2,41.104 years.
Ernest Rutherford discovered radiation. Alpha is most harmful is ingested, it cannot penetrate the sign, nor paper or metal or lead, beta is able to penetrate paper and metal, and gamma, the most harmful of the three is able to penetrate paper, metal, lead, and skin. beta can penetrate the skin after a long period of time.
Is lightning a weak nuclear force?
No. Lightning is electrical, meaning that electrons move from one place to another. It isn't "nuclear" in any way: The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons, the electrons whiz around the nucleus and occassionally get distracted enough to create lightning (but that gap soon gets filled).
If the alpha level is increased from 0.01 to 0.05, the size of the critical region expands. This means that it becomes more likely to reject the null hypothesis and make a Type I error. Increasing the alpha level makes the test more liberal and increases the chances of detecting a significant result when one may not truly exist.
Ultrasonic sounds are sounds that are above our hearing range.
Relative decay is the process of determining the age of a sample by comparing the amount of a radioactive isotope it contains to the amount of its decay products. By measuring the ratio of remaining isotope to decay product, scientists can estimate the age of the sample based on the known decay rate of the isotope.
Neutrinos are a by-product of?
Neutrinos are a product of beta decay. Some number of protons and some number of neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom. When a neutron decays, it turns into a proton, an electron and a neutrino. The protons stays in the nucleus, while the electron and the neutrino escape.
Mass weight of 14 electrons 14 protons 12 neutrons?
The mass of an electron is approximately 9.11 x 10^-31 kg, the mass of a proton is about 1.67 x 10^-27 kg, and the mass of a neutron is also about 1.67 x 10^-27 kg. Therefore, the total mass of 14 electrons would be 14 * 9.11 x 10^-31 kg, the total mass of 14 protons would be 14 * 1.67 x 10^-27 kg, and the total mass of 12 neutrons would be 12 * 1.67 x 10^-27 kg. You can calculate the exact values by multiplying the respective masses by the number of particles.
What nuclei have a radius equal to half the radius of uranium 236?
A nucleus with a radius half that of uranium-236 would have 92 protons like uranium but fewer neutrons, resulting in a lower atomic mass. An example would be the nucleus of xenon-142, which has a smaller radius than uranium-236 due to having fewer nucleons.
The half-life of Fr-210 is 5.2 minutes. This is because half of the original sample (1.000 g) decays to 0.500 g in the first half-life and further decays to 0.250 g in the second half-life, which takes a total of 5.2 minutes.
Why can beta particle not exist inside the nucleus?
because it is an electron which orbits the nucleus
Do protons in a very large nucleus have a greater chance of flying apart?
Sort of... The general tendency is for a larger atom to be less stable. Above a certain point (after lead) no stable atoms are known to exist.
Sort of... The general tendency is for a larger atom to be less stable. Above a certain point (after lead) no stable atoms are known to exist.
Sort of... The general tendency is for a larger atom to be less stable. Above a certain point (after lead) no stable atoms are known to exist.
Sort of... The general tendency is for a larger atom to be less stable. Above a certain point (after lead) no stable atoms are known to exist.
Gamma radiation can pass through the body to produce clear images without causing much damage to tissues. Beta or alpha radiation, on the other hand, can cause more biological damage and would be risky for diagnostic imaging purposes. Technetium-99m's gamma radiation allows for safer imaging with less risk to the patient.
Natural Magnets and Artificial magnets?
Natural magnets, like lodestone, are rocks that possess magnetic properties. These magnets occur naturally in the Earth and have a magnetic field. Artificial magnets are man-made magnets created from materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt by aligning their magnetic domains. These types of magnets are used in various everyday applications, such as in electric motors and refrigerators.
Alpha decay and beta decay are two forms of decay that cause transmutation?
Transmutation, which is the change of atoms from one element to another.
What is the definition of direct SQUARE proportion?
In a nonlinear graph showing the relationship between two variables where one is related o the second power of he other. This will no be in a straight line, but will curve upward and it is known as direct square proportion.
What is quenching in Geiger muller tube?
A small amount of vapours of a substance having low ionization potential, called as quenching gas, eg alcohol vapours, is added to gm tube, which discharges at cathode before the principle gas +ve ions which discharges at cathode in about 10^-4 seconds. So the quenching gas neutralizes itself and also the tube....
What is a balanced equation for positron decay of Mercury 188?
The balanced equation for positron decay of Mercury-188 ((^{188}{80}\text{Hg})) is: (^{188}{80}\text{Hg} \rightarrow ^{188}{79}\text{Au} + e^+ + \bar{\nu_e}) where (^{188}{79}\text{Au}) is gold-188, (e^+) is a positron, and (\bar{\nu_e}) is an electron antineutrino.
What happens when an unstable nucleus give off particles and change its number of protons?
Fundamentally, the number of protons in a nucleus determines its chemical identity. Carbon, for instance, has six protons, and that makes it carbon, regardless of how many neutrons or electrons there might be. Uranium, on the other hand, has 92 protons. So, the simple answer is that, when an unstable nucleus, i.e. a radionuclide, changes its number of protons, it becomes a different element.
Now, how that happens is much more interesting. There are several decay processes that involve a change in the number of protons.
Beta-
In beta- decay, the weak interaction causes a down quark in a neutron to change to an up quark. The neutron becomes a proton, and a W- boson is emitted, which subsequently decays to an electron and an electron antineutrino. This increases the atomic number by one, and leaves the atomic mass number unchanged. Carbon-14, for instance, becomes nitrogen-14 by beta- decay.
Beta+
In beta+ decay, an up quark in a proton is changed into a down quark. The proton becomes a neutron, and a positron and electron neutrino is emitted. This reaction requires energy, and will only happen if there is a certain amount of excess energy in the nucleus or if there is an inner shell (K or L) electron available to add energy in the process of electron capture, also known as K capture. This decreases the atomic number by one, and leaves the atomic mass number unchanged. Americium-238, for instance, becomes Plutonium-238 by beta+ decay, one of its decay schemes.
Electron Capture
Electron capture is where an inner (K or L) shell electron is assimilated into the nucleus, contributing its energy, and changing a proton into a neutron. The atomic number decreases by one while the atomic mass number stays the same. In some cases, electron capture results in beta+ decay. In some cases, the positron emission is suppressed and you only get the electron neutrino, along of course with the proton conversion, depending on energy.
Alpha and other fission
In fission decay, the nucleus is split into two parts. You get two new elements.
Alpha decay is a specific example of fission. In this case, a helium nucleus (two protons and two neutrons) is split off; and the atomic number is decreased by two, while the atomic mass number is decreased by four. Uranium-238, for instance, becomes Thorium-234 by alpha decay, one of its decay schemes.
As far as fission decay in general, the actual split point is determined by complex relationships that I will leave out of this somewhat simple explanation.
Photon emission
In many cases of an underlying decay process, such as described above, the nucleus and/or electron cloud is left in an excited state. When this happens, it "wants" to shed its excess energy and return to ground state. This results in the emission of a photon with energy representing that energy change. If this process originates in the nucleus, the photon is called a gamma ray; if it originates in the electron cloud, the photon is called an x-ray.
Delayed photon emission
Usually, if there is going to be a gamma ray, it occurs very quickly after the initiating event, typically within 1 x 10-12 seconds. Sometimes, in what we call a metastable state, the gamma emission is delayed, sometimes for a very long time. Technetium-99m, for instance, can participate in beta- decay, but the secondary gamma ray is delayed with a half-life of six hours, making it very useful in the medical imaging field.
How much of a radioactive substance remains after 10 hours if its half life is 5 hours?
After 10 hours, 25% of the radioactive substance remains because each half-life reduces the amount by half. So, after the first 5 hours, 50% remains, and after the next 5 hours, half of that amount remains, which is 25%.
Can someone take 2 Proton Pump Inhibitors?
If you are still experiencing symptoms after taking one, then another can be taken 12 hours later.
Different drugs should not be mixed. Always consult your doctor if you continue to experience problems as there are different PPIs on the market and another brand/type may suit you better.
What happens to beta alpha and gamma radiation after they are emitted?
Beta radiation consists of high-speed electrons, which lose their energy by interacting with matter and eventually stop. Alpha radiation is composed of helium nuclei, which lose energy quickly due to their large mass and double positive charge, leading them to stop within a short distance. Gamma radiation, being a high-energy electromagnetic wave, can penetrate through matter and lose its energy through interactions such as photoelectric effect or Compton scattering.
Isotopes of lead are the final products of the decay chain of uranium.
