Nuclear Physics

When two gamma ray photons meet, they can undergo a process called pair production, where they can create an electron-positron pair. This process demonstrates that energy can be converted into matter.

This depends very much on the type of reactor. PWR's operate at a high pressure in the primary circuit to prevent boiling, and the outlet water temperature is about 315 degC. In BWR's in contrast, boiling is allowed and the outlet temperature is about 285 degC.

Gas cooled reactors can operate at much higher temperatures. In the AGR for example (CO2 cooled, graphite moderated) the gas outlet temperature is designed to be about 540 degC, which allows steam to be produced at conditions the same as in a modern coal fired station, in fact at the last two built the steam turbines were exactly the same as installed in coal fired stations at that time. At these temperatures all steel components in the reactor have to be austenitic, as CO2 oxidises normal steel, and re-entrant gas flow has to be arranged to keep the graphite moderator cool, the gas inlet being at about 300degC.

Designs exist for helium cooled gas reactors which could operate even hotter and drive a gas turbine directly, without a steam circuit. These may or may not be commercially exploited.

The original mass was 3.728 g. Each half-life reduces the mass by half, so after four half-lives, ( \left( \frac {1}{2} \right)^4 = \frac{1}{16} ) of the original mass remains. Therefore, the original mass can be calculated as 0.233 g * 16 = 3.728 g.

To calculate the fraction of tritium remaining after 50 years, you would use the formula: fraction remaining = e^(-kt), where k is the rate constant and t is the time. Plugging in the values, you would find that the fraction of tritium remaining after 50 years is approximately 0.606 or 60.6%.

Alpha.

Beta particles are blocked by a few mm of aluminum and gamma by a few cm of lead.

Alpha.

Beta particles are blocked by a few mm of aluminum and gamma by a few cm of lead.

MWe stands for Mega Watt Electric, representing the output electric power of a power plant. Contrast this with MWt, which is Mega Watt Thermal, representing the thermal output power of the boiler, be it nuclear or fossil.

Alpha particles are used in various applications, including smoke detectors, nuclear power generation, and as a treatment for certain types of cancer. Their relatively large mass and high ionization ability make them effective for disrupting and destroying cancer cells in targeted radiation therapy.

Protons and electrons are held together in the atom through the electrostatic force of attraction.

However, the electrostatic works between any particles, so it should affect protons and protons by making them repel each other and therefore blowing the nucleus of an atom apart. This does not happen because there is a second force at work; the strong nuclear force which (at separations larger than 0.5 femtometres to 3- 4 femtometres) is a attractive force which overcomes the electrostatic force of repulsion and therefore stop the atom being blown apart!

hope this helps :)

The equation for the beta decay of 165Ta is:

73165Ta --> 72165Hf + 10e + ve

where the e is a positive beta particle or positron.

The three types of nuclear radiation are alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Alpha particles are helium nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons, beta particles are high-speed electrons or positrons, and gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation of high energy.

Gamma rays are found in nature as part of the cosmic radiation that reaches Earth from outer space. They are also produced by radioactive decay of atoms, nuclear reactions, and high-energy events in space such as supernovae. In everyday life, gamma rays are used in medical imaging, radiation therapy, and industrial applications.

Plasma TVs pose no direct health risk to viewers. However, extended exposure to any screen can lead to eye strain or fatigue. Taking breaks and adjusting viewing distances can help minimize these effects.

Mutual annihilation is the term we usually apply in physics to the combining of a particle and its antiparticle. Under the circumstances, the particles are completely converted into energy. That is, their entire mass is converted into electromagnetic energy. Let's look a bit more closely.

What we usually encounter is mutual annihilation events in the form of positrons interacting with electrons. The positron is the anti-particle of the electron, and shortly after the creation of the positron (either in beta plus nuclear decay or pair production), the positron will "combine" with an electron, and both particles will be completely converted into energy. This energy appears in the form of two energetic gamma rays going in opposite directions. Each gamma ray has an energy of about 0.511 MeV, or more, depending on the kinetic energy of the positron and electron that interact to release them. Links can be found below for more information.

A coherent wave is produced when two or more waves of the same frequency and with a constant phase difference combine together. This can be achieved using techniques such as interference or laser light generation. The waves effectively reinforce each other, resulting in a single, unified wave with consistent characteristics.

This is used in the nuclear reactor that is known as Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) in which heat produced by the nuclear fission in the nuclear fuel allows the light water reactor coolant to boil. Then, the nuclear reactor moisture separator is used to increase the dryness of the produced steam before it goes to the reactor steam turbines.

Alpha particles are positively charged and have high kinetic energy, allowing them to collide with electrons in the gas molecules. These collisions can knock electrons off the gas molecules, creating ions. This process is called ionization, and it results in the creation of charged particles in the gas.

Molybdenum-99, or 99Mo, has a half life of 65.94 hours.

Half-life is the time it takes for one half of a certain type of atom (isotope) to decay. The amount of time varies a lot between different isotopes; in some cases it may be a fraction of a second, in another, it may be billions of years.

Nuclear fission occurs in the reactor core of a nuclear reactor. This is where nuclear fuel, typically uranium, is arranged in such a way that it sustains a chain reaction of splitting atoms, releasing energy in the process.

A beta particle is an electron or a positron emitted from an unstable nucleus during beta decay. Beta decay occurs when a neutron in the nucleus changes into a proton and emits either an electron (beta minus decay) or a positron (beta plus decay) to achieve a more stable configuration.

First Answer: People die...lots of people die.

First Answer: People die

Second Answer by editor: Today there are no pros because our nuclear missiles of today are capable of destroying 1/3 of the world (that is one missile can do that).

The pros during World War 2 was that it would kill only 170,000 people and save millions of lives both Japanese, Russian, American, Canadian and Australian. Many of the millions of Marines, Soldiers and Sailors were so grateful the Atomic Bombs finally got Emperor Hirohito to surrender. Had he not surrendered the Japanese Military was prepared to fight until Japan no longer existed. Emperor Hirohito could not let that happen because He had sworn to protect the throne and the empire.

There is a team of Japanese and American scientists who are monitoring the aftermath of the two atomic bombs. They keep track of diseases, radiation and many other effects. The Japanese are not left on their own to deal with the after effects.

Third Answer: Just a little bit of info the explosion doesn't kill as much it's the fallout afterwards that you have to worry about.

Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are either split apart in nuclear fission or fused together in nuclear fusion reactions. This energy is harnessed in power plants to generate electricity.

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