Nuclear Weapons

You put a detenator inside and you set it of.

No. Cuba itself never had nuclear missiles although the USSR set up nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba.

Washington disarmament conference

four million people would have did if we did not use the atomic bomb

The US did not drop atomic bombs on Germany although the original purpose of the Manhattan Project was to develop a bomb before the Germans did. However, as the war went on Germany had to redirect recourses to other areas so they never succeeded in developing an atomic bomb. Once Germany surrendered, and the atomic bomb was successfully tested in New Mexico, the possibility existed of using it against Japan. And that is what happened

The atomic bomb was created by scientists of a number of nationalities working as part of the Manhattan Project during World War 2.

A nuclear accident is the unintended release of nuclear radiation into the environment, such as damage to a nuclear reactor or to a nuclear weapon (plane crash carrying nuclear bombs, etc). The two basic forms of nuclear weapons are fission and fusion weapons.

The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union.

[apex] making it easier for Eastern European countries to make a bid for freedom.

in world war 2 the atom bomb little boy was dropped over hiroshima, japan on the sixth of august 1945 and the second atom bomb was dropped over nagasaki, japan 3 days later.

Titanium is a super strong light weight material normally used in aircraft. it makes things more scratch/damage resistant and ina bomb would probally affect the explosion and cost to much to make. id be suprised if they use mroe than lead/steel mix (lead to contain radioactive material). odds are you are thinking uranium which is radioactive and used in nukes.

Long Term effects due to radiation

Massive Damage to buildings

Radioactive area where the bomb exploded

1949, it was a clone of the US Fatman design based on stolen plans.

Presumably it came part and parcel with the invention of the atomic bomb. Two atomic bombs, dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, caused Japan to surrender to the United States in World War II, and ended the war in the Pacific. To date, these remain the only times a nuclear bomb has been detonated in an attack against another country, rather than as a test.

Why not?It is the biggest Arab country and I guess it will have it one day .

90,000-166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000-80,000 in Nagasaki,[4] with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. The Hiroshima prefectural health department estimates that, of the people who died on the day of the explosion, 60% died from flash or flame burns, 30% from falling debris and 10% from other causes. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness. A plausible estimate of the total immediate and short term cause of death, 15-20% died from radiation sickness, 20-30% from flash burns, and 50-60% from other injuries, compounded by illness.[5] Since then, more have died from leukemia (231 observed) and solid cancers

Plutonium is a rare transuranic radioactive chemical element with the chemical symbol Pu and atomic number 94. Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.Fermi called the element hesperium and mentioned it in his Nobel Lecture in 1938.The sample was actually a mixture of barium, krypton, and other elements, but this was not known at the time because nuclear fission had not been discovered yet. Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940.

That single bomb, weighing 8,900 pounds, wiped out nearly five square miles of Hiroshima211;60 percent of the city. More than 78,000 of the city's total population of 348,000 were killed; an estimated 51,000 were injured or missing.

The first nuclear bomb was used on Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945. It was dropped by the United States during World War II. The bomb, called "Little Boy," killed an estimated 140,000 people, with thousands more dying from radiation sickness in the following months.

Anyone that has not been kiled in the blast, has a change on surving.

At 4 a.m. on March 28, 1979, Unit 2 of the 900-MW reactor at the TMI-2 plant at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania experienced a partial core meltdown. Between 13 and 43 million curies of radioactive krypton gases were released, half the core melted, and 90% of the fuel rod cladding was destroyed. The maximum offsite radiation reached 83 millirem, but the radiation dose received by the community was small.

Here, I will describe each "domino" in the sequence of events that led to this accident and contributed to the public distrust of nuclear energy. After each event, I will note in parenthesis how properly designed process control systems and better operator training could have prevented the accident:

1) Operators working on an upstream demineraliser at 4 a.m. unintentionally caused one or more of the three HCV-1 valves to to go to "fail-closed" by accidentally admitting water into the instrument air system. The valves were badly designed because all valves on cooling applications should fail open. In addition, the operators did not realize that the valve(s) had closed. (Remedy: Select valve failure position correctly, and do not allow water or anything but air into the instrument air system. Add an electric motor-actuated parallel backup valve and provide limit switches on all valves with status displays and alarms in the control room.)

2) This caused the main feed water pumps (P2) to stop. (Remedy: Provide bypass valve(s) around HCV-1 and automatically open them if HCV-1 should be open and it is not., On all automatic valves in the plant, provide limit switches that trigger alarms if the valve doesn't take the automatically requested position).

3) Because the secondary feed water was stopped, the heat from the primary reactor coolant water (PRW, circulated by P1) was no longer being removed. This caused the temperature to rise and the reactor to scram (control rods inserted to cease fission). (Remedy: Alarm and automatically open HCV2, start the auxiliary feed water pump(s) P3, and actuate high-temperature alarm on the PRW inlet.

4) The reactor that was shut down continued to generate "decay heat," and the stationary secondary water in the boiler quickly turned into steam. This automatically started the emergency cooling water pump (P3), but that did no good because valve(s) (HCV-2) were also failed closed because of the water in the instrument air supply line. (Remedy: Same as in 1, plus provide safety interlock that automatically starts a backup pump and opens its valve if P3/HCV2 fails to respond.)

5) Next, the PRW temperature and pressure in the reactor started to rise. The high-pressure switch (PSH-3) on the pressurizer tank opened the pilot-operated relief valve (PORV-3), which started to relieve the PRW water into the quench tank (QT). When the pressure dropped and PSH-3 signaled PORV-3 to close, it remained open. (Remedy: The selection of fail-in-last position valve was wrong, so use designers who know how to select valve failure positions. Also automate the block valve HCV5 with an electric motor and close it if PFH-3 signals PORV-3 to close and it does not).6) The operators did not know that PORV-3 was stuck open because the status light (L-4) was hidden from their view and because it was not operated by a limit switch on the valve, but only by the PSH-3 signal to the valve actuator solenoid. (Remedy: Place limit switch on PORV-3, and alarm if the valve status conflicts with the signal from PSH-3).

7) As a consequence of the discharging steam to the quench tank (QT), the reactor pressure dropped, causing more steam to flash. When the quench tank filled, its rupture disk (RD-6) burst, and steam and PRW were released into the containment building. (Remedy: The quench tank should have had high-pressure and level alarms in addition to an inlet flow detector.)

8) The worst design error was that the pressurizer (PR) level indication (LI-8) was based on volume, not mass. Therefore, as steam pockets formed near the core, the PRW volume in the reactor increased, which in turn pushed more water into the pressurizer. Therefore, LT-8 indicated the level to be high when, in fact, the amount of water in the system was dropping. (Remedy: This "inverse response" must be corrected by measuring the weight of the water column between the bottom of the reactor and the top of the pressurizer by a d/p cell, which would indicate when boiling occurs, because the detected column weight drops).

9) Yet another reason why this control system failed was that the presence of water covering the core was not measured. (Remedy: Use capacitance or radar level detectors to detect if the core is uncovered and if it is, automatically start the emergency high-pressure injection pump P4.)

10) Detecting low pressure in the reactor started the emergency core cooling pumps (P4), but the operators trusted the pressurizer level (LI-8) indication, which was getting high, and cut this flow to a minimum. This sped up the melting of the core. (Remedy: Detect the weight of the water column, described in Step 8 above).

11) By 4:11 a.m., the quench tank (QT) overfilled, and started to spill water and steam into the containment sump (CS). By 4:13 a.m. the sump overflowed and LS-9 triggered a high-level alarm (HLA-8) and started sump pump P5, which sent the radioactive water into an auxiliary building. This, together with the high-temperature alarm at the pressurizer outlet (TAH-10) plus the high-temperature (TAH-11) and high-pressure alarms (PAH-12) in the containment building, should have triggered a general alarm, but it was ignored, because the operators did not trust any of the alarms. By 4:15 a.m., the quench tank filled, its relief diaphragm ruptured, and radioactive coolant started to leak into the containment building, until at 4:39 a.m., the operators stopped the sump pumps. (Remedy: Increase reliability of safety alarms and thereby operators' trust by using back-up, voting or medium selector sensors.)

12) At around 5:30 a.m., the RPW pumps (P1) started to vibrate―probably due to cavitation as the steam bubbles in the water collapsed ―and to avoid vibration damage, the operators stopped these pumps (P1). This further reduced core cooling and increased steam formation. By 6:00 a.m., the reactor core overheated, and the zirconium cladding on the uranium fuel rods reacted with the steam to form hydrogen, which further damaged the fuel rods. The operators did not believe the alarms in the containment building. (Remedy: Use redundant alarm switches.)

13) At 6 a.m. a new shift started, but the old shift still did not know what was going on, and therefore was unable to inform them of the plant's status. (Remedy: The status of all equipment and variables should be continuously displayed for the whole plant.)

14) At 6:30 a.m., the new shift realized that PORV-3 was open and (after the loss of 32,000 gallons of radioactive coolant), closed its block valve (HCV5). At 6:45 a.m.. the badly located radiation alarm (RAH-13) actuated, and at 6:56 a.m. a site emergency was declared. The operators still did not realize that the low water level in the reactor exposed the core. Finally, at 11 a.m. the addition of coolant into the reactor started. In the afternoon, the pressure in the containment building spiked to 29 PSIG, probably caused by a hydrogen explosion from the zirconium-steam/water reaction. At 8 p.m. the primary pumps (P1) were restarted, and the core temperature began to fall. (Remedy: Better operator training)

--Bela Liptak--

Shortly after President Roosevelt (FDR) passed away, Truman came into office and made this decision.

Syria is, in 2007 Israel conducted an air strike on what was thought to be a nuclear plant in construction.

Germany was developing an atomic bomb during World War II but the country was overrun by the Allies before the bomb could be perfected.

Americans had reason to fear a Soviet nuclear attack even without any specific event, since the US and the USSR were clearly established as ideological and political enemies, from 1945 until the fall of communism in 1990, however, there was one particular event which was more frightening than other events of the Cold War, and that was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. That was the closest we ever came to an actual nuclear war.

For the first time, in the United States, during the WW II.