Oceanography

Creatures in the midnight zone, or the bathypelagic zone, include bioluminescent organisms like anglerfish, lanternfish, and viperfish. These deep-sea creatures have adapted to the extreme cold, high pressure, and darkness of this zone. Many have unique features such as large mouths, sharp teeth, and sensitive eyes to help them survive in this environment.

The ocean has a lot of salt in it, 3.5% by weight, but that is not just dissolved sodium chloride (Na+, Cl-). The dissolved sodium and chlorine atoms account for about 85% of the salt by weight.

The ocean contains calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium with bicarbonate, sulfate, chlorine and bromine. (If you remove the water, then what is left is, by weight, Cl− 55%, Na+ 30.6%, SO2−, 4 7.7%, Mg2+ 3.7%, Ca2+ 1.2%, K+ 1.1%, Other 0.7%)

No, there is no scientific evidence to support the idea that a giant tsunami will hit California in 2012. It is important to rely on information from reliable sources such as government agencies and scientific institutions.

By definition of "absorbed", on average, the answer is zero. If it is absorbed by layers above the Earth, it does not reach Earth.

Very little UV-B or more energetic radiation reaches earth's surface, due to the actions of ozone, oxygen and nitrogen.

Yes and no.

The detection of sound waves actually works better in water than in air because water transmits pressure waves more efficiently.

However, the difference in density means that human speech sounds are muffled or garbled underwater, making talking across a distance practically impossible. This is why scuba divers communicate by hand signals.

The technique of protecting beaches from wave erosion involves the creation of structures like seawalls, breakwaters, and groynes that help dissipate the energy of the waves before they reach the shore. These structures help reduce the impact of waves on the coastline and prevent erosion. Additionally, beach nourishment, where sand is added to replenish eroded beaches, is another common technique to protect beaches.

Warm ocean currents typically originate near the equator and flow towards the poles. They bring higher water temperatures, which can affect the climate of coastal regions they pass by. Warm currents also carry nutrients and support diverse marine ecosystems.

The oceans contain salt water because salt is an abundant mineral on earth, it is dissolved in water and washed into oceans, and, because of the way the water cycle operates, precipitation continues to wash salt into the world's oceans. That salt that ends up in the sea stays there when the water evaporates. This has been happening for millions of years, and what we see today as salty ocean water has been a characteristic of earth's oceans for about as long as liquid water has been on earth.

Wegener's theory of continental drift assumed the existence of one original supercontinent called Pangaea.

Both are geysers, in effect releasing mineral rich heated water from an opening in the crust, but of course, geysers as we know them are land based, and hydrothermal vents are sea based. Hydrothermal vents also build 'chimneys' from the minerals pushed up by the superheated water, and are home to a unique array of sea life.

Actually it's more like the salinity affecting the water cycle.

Water evaporation is happening constantly, and the rate at which it's evaporating or its volatility that is to say depends on the pressure of the atmosphere.

Water boiling point happens when the pressure of the atmosphere is equal to the vapor pressure of the liquid.

Water has some kinetic energy, given that its at a certain temperature. What's holding the water in its liquid state are the hydrogen bonds. (look up dipole-dipole intermolecular forces) When you apply the let's say heat to it, they kinetic energy is increasing (the water molecules are moving faster and faster) and these hydrogen bonds are broken and the vapor pressure goes up and it goes from liquid to gas. The other factor in keeping the water in it's liquid state is the pressure of the atmosphere keeping the water from just becoming the atmosphere itself.

Water doesn't have to "boil" at 100 degrees C. The pressure of the atmosphere at sea level is 760 torr. But let's say you were in Utah where elevation is higher and the atmospheric pressure is less, you'd find that water boils at 95 degrees C.

So the lower the atmospheric pressure, the more water is going to go into "boil mode." Now that you know that, understand that ocean water isn't pure water. There is salt in it. NaCl. Those hydrogen bonds that hold water together are stronger with the Na ions. I'm not going to get into intermolecular forces that's a subject to long to explain here, but know its a huge factor. Because those bonds of salt water are stronger, it's harder for the molecules to escape into the gaseous state. The temperature needs to be higher than 100 degrees C to boil salt water.

Just think if the salinity constantly increases in our oceans, and it is. That means that it's harder for the water to escape into the gaseous state. So there you have it, the salinity effects the water cycle.

P.S not my words

The density of ocean water is calculated using the temperature, salinity, and pressure of the water. These factors impact the water's mass and volume, which determines its density. The density of ocean water can vary depending on these factors, with colder, saltier, and deeper water typically being denser.

Deep ocean currents and surface currents do interact and influence each other. While they flow at different depths and have different driving factors (wind for surface currents and density for deep currents), they are connected through the global ocean circulation system. Changes in one can impact the other over time.

The trough or the valley between two waves is the lowest part of a wave. Its highest point is called the crest.

Ocean waves are formed by the wind transferring its energy to the surface of the water. When the wind blows across the surface of the ocean, it creates ripples that then develop into waves. The size and power of the waves depend on factors such as wind speed, duration, and fetch (the distance over which the wind blows).

The pressure at the bottom of the ocean can be determined by the formula P = dgh, where d = 1025 kg per cubic meter, g is the acceleration due to gravity and h is the depth of the water in meters. At the bottom of the Marianas Trench (11034 meters), the pressure would be 1.11 E5 kPa, or 1095 times normal air pressure at sea level.

The average density of the hydrosphere is about 1,000 kilograms per cubic meter. This includes all water on Earth, such as oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater. The density varies slightly depending on temperature, salinity, and pressure.

Coral can be very rough and jagged. Someone who steps on or falls on coral can receive a serious abrasion or laceration (nasty cuts). A good way to prevent this is to simply cover your feet when near coral.

The moon's gravity causes the ocean's tides. The moon's gravity pulls on the earth at the same time the sun's gravity is, and so the Earth's oceans therefore creating low and high tides. Sounds complicated but the sun and moon's gravity both control the ocean tides

Tsunamis can travel as fast as jet planes over deep ocean waters, reaching speeds of up to 500-600 miles per hour (800-1000 kilometers per hour). However, as they approach shallow waters near coastlines, their speed decreases, causing the height of the wave to increase dramatically.

there are some warm currents as they flow along the earths surface while there some cold currents as they travel below the earths surface

What will happen if the convection currents stopped we will stop getting volcanoes, earthquake, mountains, jelly fish in the ocean, we wouldn't be able to have an thing filled with water, or even boil water.