Operating Systems

Some people would probably say "Start them on Windows" because of the "user friendly" myth. This is largely because virtually everyone buys a computer and just uses what's on it (Almost always Windows.). So when they see someone use, say, Linux, they start thinking the person is a hardcore power user.

The reality here is that "user friendly" is a myth. What might be "intuitive" to someone who started out on Windows would be utterly backwards and unpleasant to a Mac OS X user.

There are people who, while entirely new to Linux, jumped straight into Archlinux, not at all percieved to be anything at all like Windows. They did fine largely because they were capable of following directions and learning.

Anyway. "Politically correct" answer would be "Windows." But the real answer would be "what is 'intuitive' for you, but still easy to teach." Nobody was born with the knowledge to use Windows, OS X, or Linux. It's all down to where the person starts.

I, for example, actually started on DOS when I was 3. If I could use DOS at 3, most people new to computing could handle Ubuntu or Linux Mint at the very least if that's what you're more familiar with.

Long answer short: There's no universal "new person" OS, even an OS marketted as "user friendly" and "intuitive."

Released in 1990, Windows 3.0 with Microsoft's first operating system to achieve wide commercial success. This was followed by Windows 3.1 two years later

Red hat operating system is a Linux based operating system assembled by the company Red Hat.It was released on November 3,1994.

It was the first Linux distribution to use the RPM package manager.

since 2003 Red Hat has discontinued it in the favor of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) for enterprise environment.Now fedora project is supported by the community and Red Hat.

Red Hat Linux 9, the final release, hit its official end-of-life on 2004-04-30, although updates were published for it through 2006 by the fedora project till it's shutdown in 2007.

It is an indicator that something could be wrong and a check to discover what has caused it needs to be done. There may be nothing to worry about and the change may even be a positive one, but it is important to find out what has caused it. It could help prevent a bigger problem or be useful in improving the efficiency of the equipment.

Single-user contiguous

Fixed Partitions

Dynamic Partitions

Relocatable Dynamic Partitions

Paged Memory Allocation

Demand Paging

Working Set

Segmented Memory Allocation

Segmented/Demand Page Memory Allocation

-------Taken from "Understanding Operating Systems. 6th edition pg 99

Interrupts in operating systems:

1. Events signaled by the hardware, which require handling.

2. Bogus terminus for system-calls on Intel platform.

KERNEL

In computing, the kernel is the central component of most computer operating systems; it is a bridge between applications and the actual data processing done at the hardware level. The kernel's responsibilities include managing the system's resources (the communication between hardware and software components).

Interrupts are not sufficient in multiprocessor systems since disabling inter rupts only

prevents other processes from executing on the processor in which inter rupts were disabled; there are

no limitations on what processes could be executing on other processors and therefore the process

disabling interrupts cannot guarantee mutually exclusive access to program state.

There is only one operating system specifically for the Mac that being Mac OS X. The current version of Mac OS X is 10.7 which is also known as Lion. Macs can run other operating systems such as Windows or Linux if required.

An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, & provides common services for execution of various application software. For hardware functions such as input & output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs & the computer hardware. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. Examples of popular modern operating systems for personal computers are: Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows & Linux.

The first general role of an operating system is to provide an ABSTRACTION layer for software to run on a machine without needing to know hardware-specific implementation details. It is important in order to reduce the burden on application

• manage the microprocessor and other system resources to meet the requirements of the application
• be able to respond to, and synchronize with, events
• be able to move data efficiently between processes
• be able to manage the demands of the process with re­spect to time (or other independent variable)
• perform in a predictable manner with operations that take place within a predictable about of time

instructs the computer about the presence of a network interface card installed in the computer and its address, and controls the flow of data and command traffic to and from the computer. This ability allows the computer to share peripherals

Operating system data file protection through authentication is very important. A file can be any important document which may contain data or information that may be very valuable for the company or the owner of the file. If proper authentication is not carried out then the company can incur loss of data, expose to viruses and trojan attacks and can face a lot of issues. Authentication also increases the value of the information saved in the files because it does not appear fake. By giving the authentication to the people, you can ensure that no unauthorized person will access the file or imitate it. Just take the example of art work of a person saved in a file. Therefore, identification of the person is very necessary before sharing any file with any other person.

A time-sharing system (what we call a server nowdays) provides many many people the opportunity to use the system. Technically, even a standard PC is a time-sharing system, because you can run many different programs on it at a time (think Browser, iTunes, Anti-Virus, etc.).

The old mainframe systems had a card reader and an output. Only one set of cards could be run through at a time. So, if payroll was running through all 14000 employee's paycheck calculations, you had to wait until they were done. Modern mainframe systems have some time-sharing capabilities by allowing multiple processes to run on the system, but those processes are virtualized, rather than a true sharing system. However, the details of that can be left to others.

There are benefits and downsides to every type of system. In a mainframe-style system, all resources are available to the process being run, which benefits large data crunching operations (like payroll). The downside to a mainframe-style system is that only one process can run at a time in each virtual machine.

In a server-style system, all resources are shared among all processes. If a process "runs away" by using more processes than it should, then the other processes suffer, which the end-user sees as a server responding very slowly and/or "timing out". The upside to a server-style system is that you can serve web pages to thousands of people, while at the same time handling thousands of pieces of email.

If you go for a little bit of luxury and the convenience for your vacation, then, timeshares might be the one you're looking for. But if you're on a tight budget, this may not be for you especially with our crisis-stricken economy. The number one disadvantage of this is the cost involve like the maintenance fees.

in short

advantages are

1.high CPU efficiency.

2.each user gets CPU time.

disadvantage

1.complex OS requried.

Device drivers are software that install into the operating system (OS) to allow communication with the peripheral. Because it would be impossible for the OS developer, such as Microsoft, to program for every single device ever made that connects to a computer, they rely on the manufacturer to write the driver software for each device. This is more efficient also since the software interface needed to address various devices doesn't need to be on the computer all the time, only when such a device is attached to the computer.

Drivers generally are not very flexible: it will generally work only with a specific device family on a specific operating system version. Some drivers may be more generalized (such as certain printer drivers) but they will not have the functionality to all capabilities of the device in question.

a small mini-program used for everyday tasks.

the buddy system is used for protection. if something happens to one person, the other person can go for help

There have been 6 major versions. As of the time of this writing, the current stable release is Windows 7 (however, note that the internal version number is actually NT 6.1). Windows 8 (version NT 6.2) is currently in development.

For most major versions, there have been a few "minor" versions. This was evident in the name up to Windows 3.x. However, commercial branding has made the less evident since the introduction of Windows 95, which shared the same major version number (which was 4.x) with Windows 98 and Windows Me, for example. Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 all were version NT 5.x. And finally, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows Server 2008 are all version NT 6.x.

To complicate things a little further, Microsoft started developing Windows NT, geared more toward business users, alongside the main line of Windows versions. This began with the initial release of Windows NT 3.1 in 1993. The Windows NT line was merged into (or, perhaps more properly, transformed into) the main line of Windows releases beginning with NT 5.1, also known as Windows XP. This was the first version of Windows NT to feature both Home and Professional editions, making it successor to both Windows 2000 (business oriented) and Windows Me (consumer oriented).

One of the most basic ideas in economics is goods and services. More than anything else, money is spent on goods and services. It helps to know the difference between two. A good is something that you can use or consume, like food or CDs or books or a car or clothes. You buy a good with the idea that you will use it, either just once or over and over again. A service is something that someone does for you, like give you a haircut or fix you dinner or even teach you social studies. You don't really get something solid, like a book or a CD, but you do get something that you need. The basic difference is that a good is something you can hold in your hand (unless it's something big, like a car or a house). Now, a service can also contain a good. Someone who fixes you dinner gives you food, which was bought. In this example, the food is the good and the person's fixing it for you is the service. In the same way, your teacher gives you a service by teaching you social studies. He or she also gives you a good by giving you a textbook. Your teacher teaching you social studies is a good example of a service that you personally don't pay for. (Your family might pay for it, but you don't.) And not all services are economic, either. A service can be as simple as reading a book to someone. This kind of activity doesn't cost anything, but it is something that one person did for another. A good doesn't have to cost anything, either. If you give your friend a book or a CD, then you given that friend a good, since we have already defined books and CDs as goods. Your friend didn't give you any money for the good. But you didn't really do something for your friend, either; you just gave your friend something he or she could hold or touch. Remember, the one thing that sets goods and services apart is the ability to touch them. You can touch a good, but you can't touch a service. You can touch the result of a service but not the service itself. ankush raina This answer outlines the difference between a good and a service but the question was not that. The question is around the differences in goods production operations and in service operations. The correct answer would include the following differences; services are more intangible, more customized and less storable. Quality control is handled much differently, service operations require different skills and there is a greater customer service link with services.

A GUI might "waste" CPU cycles, but it optimizes the user's interaction with the system. For example, when we use PCs or handheld computers, it's appropriate for the operating system to forsake this principle and to "waste" resources. Because those operating systems are designed mostly for individual usability, for ease of use, with some attention paid to performance, and none paid to resource utilization.

There are many open-source OS distributions (distros) branching out from the Linux Kernel. Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Puppy, to name but three.

ans :NO

because as we know that for deadlock must have follow one of the given condition.

1. mutual exclusion:here is only single process so that no case of nonsharable resource .

2. hold and wait: here is only single process so that no wait for another process to realease the requested resource.

3. no preemption: single process so that no need to taken force fully.

4.circular wait: in single process no contain the cycle.

so that single process never enter into the deadlock state

Of course, all of the above can be true if the single process has multiple threads of execution. Those threads can be deadlocked just like processes