Particle Physics

If one does the mathematics (which are *WAY* beyond the math level of even most scientists), one finds that string theory works only if one assumes the vibrations are aking place in eleven dimensions. Choose another assumption and the mathematics falls apart. Or, more exactly, the mathe eventually leads to falsehoods.

It is SOMETHING like this: if one assumes that there are ten dimensions in string theory, you end up with 1 = 0

Only if you assume that there are eleven dimensions does one get 1 = 1

One of most basic laws of science is the Law of the Conservation of Energy. It states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be changed from one form to another.

Kinda. There may or may not be smaller things inside the neutrons, protons and electrons, but yes protons neutrons and electrons are the only subatomics that have been proven to exist.

There are also the Strong Nuclear Force (which keeps protons from pushing each other away) and the Weak Nuclear Force which has something to do with quarks and W and Z bosons (which are inside protons neutrons and electrons). However these are forces and not particles.

Mass number is found by adding the number of protons plus the number of neutrons. Electrons are not added because they are so minute that their masses have almost no bearing on the total mass of the atom.

In this case, the mass number would be about 214.

No, Nickel has 2 electrons in its outermost shell! Look at the Periodical Table!!

Correction: The first answer was indeed correct. Ni = [Ar] 3d8 4s2 and if you count the number of valence electrons in each level, it comes up to ten. I just had a chemistry test on this, and I thought it was two at first too, but it's not. Don't think it's two unless you want to get the wrong answer.

I am not sure ,but the valency of nickel might be 2,but not according to periodic table,and who wrote this to look at periodic table?May be S/he has own periodic table in whick Nickel has 2 electrons in outermost shell.

This area is called the solar wind. It consists of charged particles, such as protons and electrons, that are emitted from the sun and flow outwards into space at high speeds.

Odor itself does not have weight because it is made up of volatile molecules that disperse into the air. When an object produces an odor, it does not lose weight in the process, as the molecules that create the smell come from the object's surface and do not affect its mass.

An assembly of protons and neutrons within an atom is called a nucleus. It is the central part of an atom that contains most of the mass of the atom and is positively charged due to the protons it contains.

well you look at the periodic table of elements. the atomic number equals the number of protons. Then subtract the number of protons from the atomic mass (both protons and nuetrons have atomic mass units of 1 and electrons equal 0). That will give you the number of nuetrons.

An electron has negligible mass and moves around the outside of the nucleus in an atom. Electrons are negatively charged particles that play a key role in chemical reactions and electricity conductivity.

A water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The proton, neutron and electron count of them are 1,0,1 and 8,8,8 respectively. Therefore a molecule of water has 10 protons, 8 neutrons and 10 electrons.

When an atom's outer shell of rlectrons is full, it becomes non reactive and stabilized. Not every atom can gain an octet though. Hydrogen only has an S1 suborbital and therefore only holds 2 electrons stabley. If 6 extra electrons are forced on, which is EXTREMELY difficult and unnatural, then yes you achieve an octet, but the electrons will leave quickly and the hydrogen will react.

When electrons change energy levels, they emit light or energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This emitted light can have specific frequencies or colors, depending on the difference in energy levels that the electron undergoes.

In 1920, Ernest Rutherford created a hypothesis about the existence of neutrons. However, it is believed that the neutron was first discovered in 1932. The person credited with this discovery was Sir James Chadwick.

8 protons and 9 neutrons (total is the atomic mass number 17). In a neutral atom, 8 electrons.

Oxygen-17 is the rarest of the three stable natural isotopes. Most oxygen is oxygen-16 with 8 neutrons.

It has no diameter because it is a point particle (it has nothing inside it). It has mass because the mass has been measured experimentally. If this is hard to imagine, science has lots more concepts even harder.

The weak force is the one that allows a quark to turn into a different flavor of quark, thus allowing a neutron to transform into a proton, or a proton to transform into a neutron. In the case of the neutron, one of its down quarks change to an up quark, emitting a W- boson in the process. The boson is itself unstable and rapidly decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino. In the case of the proton, one of its up quarks changes into a down quark, and a W- boson appears briefly, then transforms into a positron and an electron neutrino. If any of this sound familiar, it is because this is the mechanism behind beta decay. There are two kinds of beta decay (beta plus and beta minus), and you can review them and related material by using the links below to related questions.

Alpha particles can be stopped by a piece of paper, beta particles can penetrate through skin but can be stopped by a sheet of aluminum, while gamma rays are the most penetrating and can pass through most materials, requiring dense materials like lead or concrete to be stopped.

Atomic nuclei have two kinds of subatomic particles, which are protons and neutrons.

Thomson believed about atoms, that :

An atom consists of a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons embedded in it.

Positive and negative charges in an atom are equal in magnitude, thus an atom is electrically neutral and it has no overall + or - charge.

The electromagnetic force is responsible for joining atoms together to form molecules. It acts between charged particles (such as electrons and protons) and is essential for the interactions between atoms that lead to the formation of chemical bonds.

Protons and neutrons reside within the nucleus, electrons orbit around the nucleus.

The repulsive force between proton-proton pairs inside the nucleus is called the electrostatic repulsion force. This force arises due to the positively charged protons within the nucleus experiencing mutual repulsion because they all have the same charge.