Particle Physics

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus of an atom, while neutrons are neutrally charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Electrons are much smaller in size and mass compared to neutrons, with electrons being approximately 1/1836th the mass of a neutron. Electrons are involved in chemical reactions and bonding, while neutrons help stabilize the nucleus of an atom.

The modern electron configuration of sulfur is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4. This means sulfur has 16 electrons distributed over its energy levels, with the majority of them in the 2p orbital.

The term for a bond where an electron pair is shared but both electrons have been donated by one atom is called a coordinate covalent bond or a dative bond. In this type of bond, both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom.

The smallest particle in quantum physics is typically considered to be the quanta of energy known as a photon, which is a fundamental particle that carries electromagnetic radiation. However, there are also other elementary particles such as electrons, quarks, and neutrinos that are considered fundamental building blocks of matter.

The gram atomic mass of hydrogen is close to 1, so that 1 g of the gas contains one mole of hydrogen atoms. Each atom contains 1 electron, so that the stated amount of gas contains Avogadro's Number of electrons, 6 X 1023 to the justified number of significant digits.

An atom with an unbalanced ratio of protons and neutrons will undergo radioactive decay to achieve a more stable configuration. The type of decay process, such as alpha or beta decay, will depend on the specific imbalance in the nucleus. This allows the atom to transform into a more stable element by adjusting the proton-neutron ratio.

Helium and a neutron:

D + T --> He + n + 17.59 MeV

In nuclear fission an atom is broken up into two or more new particles. Sometimes this happens all by itself, but when we want it to happen more rapidly we use a critical assembly of fissile fuel and a moderator, which multiplies the neutron flux. The moderator slows down the neutrons produced in each fission which can then cause further fissions, resulting in a chain reaction. Each fission also releases energy as heat. The chain reaction is controlled at a steady level by control rods which absorb neutrons.

Yes because they are both in group 4 on the periodic table.

ml = -1

look at the atomic number...for example, if hydrogen's atomic number's one then it also has one proton.(:

In a neutron star, protons and electrons are indeed fused together through the extreme pressure. This process transforms some protons into neutrons through inverse beta decay, producing a core made mostly of neutrons with a small fraction of protons and electrons.

The condensed electron configuration for Rhodium (Rh) is [Kr] 4d^8 5s^1.

Bohr predicted that electrons would orbit the nucleus much like the planets orbit the sun. This is not quite true, however, as electrons are found in the electron cloud, and do not have a specific position until they are observed.
his professor Rutherford knew electrons went on the outer shells. he developed the theory that electrons can move to different levels closer or farther from the nucleus.

An atom is made up of a neutron, a proton, and a surrounding cloud of orbiting electrons. The nucleus of the atom contains the neutrons and protons, while the electrons occupy the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.

No, the number of valence electrons does not necessarily equal the number of protons in an atom. The number of valence electrons is determined by the group number of the element in the periodic table, while the number of protons is the atomic number of the element.

sulphur has 6 v.e

f has 7 each

so total 34 v.e

sf4 has a trigonbal bipyramidal structure.

it has 1 lone pair of electrons too. "which do not enter into bonding

sf6 is possible too.

actually...

a trgonal byprimidal is a structure with 5 electron groups (Bonding electrons + lone pair electrons). SF4 only has 4 electron groups around it,(all valnce electrons bonded with fluorine and no lone pairs) so it is actually has a tetrahedral geometry. sp^3.

A neutron is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom that has zero charge. It plays a crucial role in providing stability to the nucleus by balancing the repulsive forces between positively charged protons.

Br has an atomic number of 35 giving it 35 protons. Since it has a charge of 1- it will have 36 electrons to form a octet.
Br- will have 35 protons and 36 electrons. The negative charge indicates it gained an electron.

There are quarks in the nucleus of an atom, but they are found there because quarks make up protons and neutrons which make up atomic nuclei. They (quarks) do not have "individual identities" in the nucleus of an atom, but are elementary particles that are the building blocks of composite particles called hadrons. Quarks are never found in isolation anywhere.

Electrons have the least amount of energy compared to protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons have similar amounts of energy in an atom, as they are found in the nucleus and contribute to the majority of the atom's mass.

Calcium has 20 electrons and protons; the number of neutrons is specific for each isotope.

Number of neutrons in a calcium atom = Mass number - 20

Electrons do radiate energy when they are accelerated, but in stable orbits around an atomic nucleus, they do not radiate energy due to a balance between the centripetal force keeping them in orbit and the electromagnetic force. This results in a stable orbit without energy loss.

The "fermion sign problem" refers to a computational challenge in quantum many-body problems when simulating systems of fermions using Monte Carlo methods. As fermions follow the Pauli exclusion principle, the wavefunction must be antisymmetric under particle exchange. This can lead to an exponentially growing number of configurations needed to accurately simulate the system, making calculations computationally demanding or impractical.