Particle Physics

Alpha particles can be stopped by a piece of paper, beta particles can penetrate through skin but can be stopped by a sheet of aluminum, while gamma rays are the most penetrating and can pass through most materials, requiring dense materials like lead or concrete to be stopped.

Atomic nuclei have two kinds of subatomic particles, which are protons and neutrons.

Thomson believed about atoms, that :

An atom consists of a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons embedded in it.

Positive and negative charges in an atom are equal in magnitude, thus an atom is electrically neutral and it has no overall + or - charge.

The electromagnetic force is responsible for joining atoms together to form molecules. It acts between charged particles (such as electrons and protons) and is essential for the interactions between atoms that lead to the formation of chemical bonds.

Protons and neutrons reside within the nucleus, electrons orbit around the nucleus.

The repulsive force between proton-proton pairs inside the nucleus is called the electrostatic repulsion force. This force arises due to the positively charged protons within the nucleus experiencing mutual repulsion because they all have the same charge.

When bismuth-214 emits a positron, it undergoes beta-plus decay to produce polonium-214. This decay process involves the conversion of a proton into a neutron, releasing a positron and a neutrino.

One cannot really answer this question without additional information. In what picture do red balls mean neutrons?

It is true that in some pictures of an atomic nucleus the color red is used for neutrons, but this is a convention, it is semantics, neutrons themselves have no color (they don't even directly interact with light).

Subatomic particles, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons, are located within the atoms that make up all matter. Protons and neutrons are found within the nucleus of an atom, while electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels.

neutral.

Positive and negative charges cancel each others.

Carbon-14 contains more neutrons compared to carbon-12. Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons, while carbon-14 has 8 neutrons. The number of protons and electrons in both carbon isotopes remains the same, at 6 each.

No, neutrons are not only found in atoms. Neutrons are subatomic particles and can also exist independently in environments such as nuclear reactors or certain types of particle accelerators.

Neutrons are neutral particles as they do not carry any electrical charge. This makes them unique compared to protons, which are positively charged, and electrons, which are negatively charged.

Electrons are not formed from energy quanta; they are elementary particles that exist as fundamental units of matter. However, electrons can be created in processes such as beta decay, where a neutron transforms into a proton, electron, and an antineutrino. These processes involve the conversion of energy into matter, following the principles of quantum mechanics.

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles found in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus of an atom, while neutrons are neutrally charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Electrons are much smaller in size and mass compared to neutrons, with electrons being approximately 1/1836th the mass of a neutron. Electrons are involved in chemical reactions and bonding, while neutrons help stabilize the nucleus of an atom.

The modern electron configuration of sulfur is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4. This means sulfur has 16 electrons distributed over its energy levels, with the majority of them in the 2p orbital.

The term for a bond where an electron pair is shared but both electrons have been donated by one atom is called a coordinate covalent bond or a dative bond. In this type of bond, both electrons in the shared pair come from the same atom.

The smallest particle in quantum physics is typically considered to be the quanta of energy known as a photon, which is a fundamental particle that carries electromagnetic radiation. However, there are also other elementary particles such as electrons, quarks, and neutrinos that are considered fundamental building blocks of matter.

The gram atomic mass of hydrogen is close to 1, so that 1 g of the gas contains one mole of hydrogen atoms. Each atom contains 1 electron, so that the stated amount of gas contains Avogadro's Number of electrons, 6 X 1023 to the justified number of significant digits.

An atom with an unbalanced ratio of protons and neutrons will undergo radioactive decay to achieve a more stable configuration. The type of decay process, such as alpha or beta decay, will depend on the specific imbalance in the nucleus. This allows the atom to transform into a more stable element by adjusting the proton-neutron ratio.

Helium and a neutron:

D + T --> He + n + 17.59 MeV

In nuclear fission an atom is broken up into two or more new particles. Sometimes this happens all by itself, but when we want it to happen more rapidly we use a critical assembly of fissile fuel and a moderator, which multiplies the neutron flux. The moderator slows down the neutrons produced in each fission which can then cause further fissions, resulting in a chain reaction. Each fission also releases energy as heat. The chain reaction is controlled at a steady level by control rods which absorb neutrons.

Yes because they are both in group 4 on the periodic table.