Particle Physics

Negative electric charge is a fundamental property of subatomic particles such as electrons, which carry a charge of -1. This charge leads to the attraction between negatively charged particles and positively charged particles. When negative charges accumulate, they create an electric field that can exert a force on other charges in the vicinity.

the electron cloud is least dense where the probability of finding an electron is LOWEST

The size and shape of an electron cloud are most closely related to the electron's energy level and angular momentum, which determine the orbitals in which the electrons are most likely to be found. The electron cloud represents the region where there is a high probability of finding the electron at any given time.

The primary difference is that the transmission electron microscope has been invented and developed, and is in wide use. The transmission positron microscope is still a curiosity. Another difference is the obvious one. The transmission electron microscope uses electrons and the transmission positron microscope uses positrons. There are some serious technical issues that must be solved to gather a bunch of positrons, slow them down and then craft them into a beam. Just so you know. And then there's all that annoying gamma radiation that results from the annihilation of the positrons when they recombine with an electron. To have a sufficient quantity of positrons to create a usable beam would result in a high radiation load. The positrons are going to undergo mutual annihilation with an electron, remember? Two hot gamma rays will be exiting the annihilation event. Using the instrument will create some high levels of radiation, and might make it advisable to operate the device from across town.

The neutrino was first theorized by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain the missing energy in beta decay. The first experimental evidence for the neutrino was provided by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956 through the detection of electron antineutrinos emitted from a nuclear reactor.

Gluons were first postulated in the early 1970s by physicists David Politzer, Frank Wilczek, and David Gross as part of the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which describes the strong nuclear force. They are particles that mediate the force between quarks.

Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig (working independently) actually theorized quarks in 1964. The first of these six fundamental particles was observed (discovered or confirmed, if you like) in 1968, and the last was observed in 1995.

Davisson and Germer used nickel as the target element in their experiment on electron diffraction because it has a well-defined crystal structure that produces regular diffraction patterns when bombarded with electrons. This allowed them to observe the wave-like behavior of electrons as they diffracted off the nickel crystal lattice.

Promethium has nine isotopes, their numbers ranging from 143 to 151. None of the isotopes are naturally occurring, yet some stars have minute amounts of promethium.

In the Bohr model, electrons are arranged in discrete orbits around the nucleus. These orbits are associated with specific energy levels. Electrons can move between these orbits by absorbing or emitting energy in quantized amounts.

The electron transport system is a series of protein complexes and molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors, generating ATP in the process. This process is crucial for cellular respiration and energy production in aerobic organisms.

All the stuff that's smaller than atoms ... those particles that make up atoms.

They are the protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks, neutrinos, etc., including

all of the other bosons and leptons.

The three basic subatomic particles of an atom are protons,which has a positive charge. Electrons, which has a negative charge, and neutrons which have no charge.

No one investigating preons has suggested what they are made of. Additionally, the idea that preons, point particles, make up quarks has declined in subscribership over the last couple of decades. A point is a geometric locus, and it has no dimensions. If a particle is a point particle, it is possible that it doesn't have "component parts" by definition.

The Large Hadron Collider may shed light on some aspects of the differences of opinion as regards the Standard Model. It comes online soon. They're still eradicating some bugs, but Spring of 2009 is a likely target date for operation. Who can't wait to see what is discovered!?

There are two types of chemical bonds, ionic and covalent. Ionic bonds involve the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between the two atoms.

well you see, 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2 is manganese if it becomes 2+ then it loses 4s2 first so it would now look like 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 which is manganese 2+ but has the spdf of vanadium

hope im helpful

On the 10th of September 2008 proton beams were successfully circulated in the main ring of the LHC for the first time

The Theory of Everything, also called the Grand Unified (Field) Theory is the long-hoped-for connection between the four fundamental forces--Electromagnetism, Gravity, the Strong and Weak nuclear forces. Presently you can work in Relativistic Physics or Quantum Physics, but they require quite different mathematics. A single (and simple) physics is believed to underlie both. A key to this is quantum gravity (since quantum mechanics does explain the other three forces pretty well). Nobody knows how to describe gravity using quantum mechanics, but much work on the problem has been done. _____________ This is a theory that will unite all 4 basic forces, and will probably also resolve the disputed points between relativity and quantum theory. "Theory of Everything" is the term often used today meaning essentially the same thing that Einstein meant in his quest for the "Unified Field Theory". If the Theory of Everything exists, it is probably a bit of an exaggeration to say that it will literally explain every possible thing in physics. If the Theory of Everything could do that, it would pose some interesting problems with our understanding of some basic concepts like the completeness or incompleteness of mathematical systems. We probably would not want the theory to be "complete" in this technical mathematical sense. Arithmetic is an incomplete system, and so is any system that can contain ALL of arithmetic. Currently, the successors of string theory-- superstring theory and membrane theory, seem to point to some promising directions of research in the Theory of Everything quest.

The electron configuration of neodymium (Nd) is [Xe] 4f4 6s2.

Elements are distinguished based on their unique number of protons in the nucleus, which is known as the atomic number. Elements with different atomic numbers will have different chemical properties and behaviors. Additionally, elements can have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, creating isotopes of the same element.

the atomic number of any element is the number of protons in its nucleus, so in this case, 31, Gallium

In positron emission, a proton in the nucleus is converted into a neutron, leading to the emission of a positron and a neutrino. Therefore, in the case of Mercury-201 undergoing positron emission, the nucleus transforms into a new element with one less proton and one more neutron in its nucleus.