Popes

The Pope's role in the Medieval society is to represent the spiritual authority of the Church and, later, the state authority, which was normally represented by a King or Emperor, but was changed with the argument titled the 'Doctrine of Swords', which claimed that the Pope had authority over both the church andthe state.

He thought people were worshiping icons instead of god, and in the 10 commandments it says there is only on God! It was ordered to destroy images of Mary, Jesus and the saints to comply.

Pope Pius XI published an encyclical critical of Nazism called Mit brennender Sorge (With Burning Anxiety) on March 10, 1937. In response, the Nazis rounded up and imprisoned a number of Catholic monks.

It was Charlemagne, the king of the Franks. His coronation by the pope was the beginning of the Carolingian Empire (named after Charlemagne) which lasted from 800 to 888. To be precise, the pope was Leo III.

The popes during Henry's reign were:

216. Julius II (1503-13)- granted the marriage between Catherine and Henry

217. Leo X (1513-21)

218. Adrian VI (1522-23)

219. Clement VII (1523-34)- refused to grant Henry an annulment with Catherine

220. Paul III (1534-49)

221. Julius III (1550-55)

He had 4 children before he became pope.

Pope Paul III was interested in figuring out what was wrong with Catholicism and reforming it.

The Pope has no possessions, property or 'wealth' everything he needs to live and carry out his duties is provided by the Church.

Of-course, however, the man gets whatever he wants when he wants it. As long as he keeps the tradition, doesn't rock the boat and does a token bit of charity work on the side, with money which he neither has himself nor needs, then he gets to live comfortably, surrounded by those who would happily give there life for him.

Overall, he pretty much lives a life similar to that of a child: He has an exaggerated sense of his own importance, a child-like ignorance of things he could understand but chooses not too and has all his expenses looked after by people who dote on him and constantly tell people who don't want to know how good he's doing.

Just like a child, he doesn't actually have the money himself but that's because with the sheltred easy life he has: hes just as well off without his name on the bank account.

Hail Mary is a prayer written centuries ago. It is not found in the Bible.

"Hail [Mary], full of grace, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women." Luke 1:28

The next line of the Hail Mary is taken directly from the inspired salutation of St. Elizabeth, also in the Gospel of Luke:

"Blessed art thou among women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb" Luke 1:42

The second part of the "Hail Mary" was introduced late in the 15th century. The Council of Trent framed the final line: "Holy Mary, Mother of God, prayer for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Amen." The catechism of the Council of Trent reads thus concerning it:

"the Holy Church of God added to this thanksgiving, petition also and the invocation of the most holy Mother of God, thereby implying that we should piously and suppliantly have recourse to her in order that by her intercession she may reconcile God with us sinners and obtain for us the blessing we need both for this present life and for the life which has no end."

The full Hail Mary since that time has been:

"Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, prayer for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Amen."

Pope John XXIII's birth name is Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli.

One, it was Pope John Paul II (Cardinal Karol Wojtyla) who was the first non-Italian in four hundred years and only Polish citizen to be elected to the papacy.

None, Pope Gregory promoted plain song, which, later, became know as "Gregorian Chant" due to his patronage. But, he did not begin it, it already was in the Church for centuries, and is rooted in the Jewish chant used in the synagogue.

Saint Peter is considered the first pope although the term 'pope' did not come into use until many decades later.
The Catholic Church considers Simon Barjona, St. Peter, as the first pope.

Indulgences

As of 2010, the Catholic Church statistics showed 1.196 billion Catholics.

It depends on what country the priest lives in. It also depends one what religion you are talking about.

It is destroyed so that it can not be used to seal any false documents.

Henry lV violated the pope's orders.

It is called the Papal Tiara or Papal Crown, sometimes called the Triple Tiara or Triple Crown.

No one knows for sure, but whatever he said to Attila convinced him to not sack Rome.

Peter is considered the first pope even though the term 'pope' did not come into common usage until much later. Whether Peter was in Jerusalem, Antioch, Rome or elsewhere, he is still considered the first pope. Later, as the Church grew and a hierarchy developed. the Church established its headquarters in Rome as Rome was considered the center of the world at the time. It had good roads reaching out to the vast empire as well as ships that plied the Mediterranean. Missionaries could reach anywhere in the known world from Rome. As the pope was the highest ranking Church authority in Rome, he was automatically consider the Bishop of Rome.

Yes. A cardinal is free to vote for whomever he thinks will do the best job, even himself.

Pope Alexander the VI.