Popes

Hail Mary is a prayer written centuries ago. It is not found in the Bible.

"Hail [Mary], full of grace, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women." Luke 1:28

The next line of the Hail Mary is taken directly from the inspired salutation of St. Elizabeth, also in the Gospel of Luke:

"Blessed art thou among women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb" Luke 1:42

The second part of the "Hail Mary" was introduced late in the 15th century. The Council of Trent framed the final line: "Holy Mary, Mother of God, prayer for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Amen." The catechism of the Council of Trent reads thus concerning it:

"the Holy Church of God added to this thanksgiving, petition also and the invocation of the most holy Mother of God, thereby implying that we should piously and suppliantly have recourse to her in order that by her intercession she may reconcile God with us sinners and obtain for us the blessing we need both for this present life and for the life which has no end."

The full Hail Mary since that time has been:

"Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee: blessed art thou among women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, prayer for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Amen."

Pope John XXIII's birth name is Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli.

One, it was Pope John Paul II (Cardinal Karol Wojtyla) who was the first non-Italian in four hundred years and only Polish citizen to be elected to the papacy.

None, Pope Gregory promoted plain song, which, later, became know as "Gregorian Chant" due to his patronage. But, he did not begin it, it already was in the Church for centuries, and is rooted in the Jewish chant used in the synagogue.

Saint Peter is considered the first pope although the term 'pope' did not come into use until many decades later.
The Catholic Church considers Simon Barjona, St. Peter, as the first pope.

Indulgences

As of 2010, the Catholic Church statistics showed 1.196 billion Catholics.

It depends on what country the priest lives in. It also depends one what religion you are talking about.

It is destroyed so that it can not be used to seal any false documents.

Henry lV violated the pope's orders.

It is called the Papal Tiara or Papal Crown, sometimes called the Triple Tiara or Triple Crown.

No one knows for sure, but whatever he said to Attila convinced him to not sack Rome.

Peter is considered the first pope even though the term 'pope' did not come into common usage until much later. Whether Peter was in Jerusalem, Antioch, Rome or elsewhere, he is still considered the first pope. Later, as the Church grew and a hierarchy developed. the Church established its headquarters in Rome as Rome was considered the center of the world at the time. It had good roads reaching out to the vast empire as well as ships that plied the Mediterranean. Missionaries could reach anywhere in the known world from Rome. As the pope was the highest ranking Church authority in Rome, he was automatically consider the Bishop of Rome.

Yes. A cardinal is free to vote for whomever he thinks will do the best job, even himself.

Pope Alexander the VI.

Pope Gregory I had at least one brother but his name and fate are unknown.

The pope crowned the king and gave him a tittle of "Roman Emperor" because he crush the people who attacked the pope

Yes, a pope can retire or resign at any time.

The pope is Vicar of Christ, in other words, he only answers to God, and God guarantees that He will not teach error in faith in morals. Retirement is certainly possible and has happened several times in history, it is between the Holy Father and God, so if the Holy Father discerns retirement through his prayer, we must accept that.

I think the pope has to remain publicly neutral when it comes to sports.

Pope John Paul I was elected on the 4th ballot.
Pope John Paul II was elected on the 8th ballot.

Pope Stephen II died on 757-04-26.

The popes were chosen almost immediately after the death of the sitting pope. The earliest popes were chosen by consensus of the clergy and people of Rome. In 1059 it was ruled that the cardinals should elect the pope. In 1274 the Church ruled that the cardinals should be locked away (Latin: cum clave) until a new pope has been chosen. From that came the English word conclave.

The "Papal shoes" are the shoes the Pope wears outdoors. Traditionally they were plain red Morocco leather. This is consistent with the color of the Papal Slippers the Pope used to wear indoors (which were red silk or velvet). The current Pope, Pope Francis, has chosen to wear simple black shoes, forgoing the tradition for his papacy.

The Sistine Chapel is where the Cardinals meet to elect a new Pope.