I assume from the terminology that this relates to the Comedia of Dante Alighieri.

The sinners in the Vestibule (Described in Canto III) are the Futile those "whose lives knew neither praise nor infamy" (ibid l. 36) and including "that caitiff angel-crew/Who against God rebelled not, nor to Him/Were faithful, but to self alone were true" (ibid ll. 37-9).

These figures represent those without conviction either to good or bad. They are represented following a banner that wildly flaps around in the same way that their opinions and values shifted in life.

The only identified figure is "The coward spirit of the man/Who made the great refusal;" (ibid ll. 60-1) it is uncertain who this represents although it has been suggested that it is Pope Celestine V who abdicated the papacy in favour of Boniface VIII who Dante hated; it has also been suggested as an identifier for Pilate who condemned Christ despite believing His innocence.

Monks always lived in monasteries, which were divided into Abbeys (headed by an abbot) and Priories (smaller places headed by a prior).

Both words come from the Greek word monos, meaning "alone". The earliest Christian monks were solitary hermits living in desert areas of the Middle East; gradually they began to build small communities and live together, but kept the name monastes or monk.

The Cistercian Order in England attempted to preserve this way of life by choosing to build monasteries in remote, secluded and wilderness areas, particularly on the Yorkshire moors. There they could live in a community, but "alone" from the outside world.

The Holy Offices (Church services) attended eight times every day consisted of hymns, canticles, versicles and responses and prayers - but mainly the 150 psalms from the Bible's Book of Psalms.

All of these were sung in Latin, which was the language of education and literature throughout the Medieval period. Novice monks not only had to learn Latin, but also the tunes for all of the elements of every service, which were sung without music.

Some of these elements were very short, others were very long. An example of a very short piece is this Marian anthem:

Assumpta est Maria in caelum, gaudent angeli. Laudantes benedicunt Dominum.

1) Peer influence. In high school, for example, the one or two religious believers in a class may be subject to ridicule. (See also: Does God exist?)

2) Convenience; desires. No one wants "bothersome" rules, or limitations to their personal pleasure.

3) Lack of proper information. People have inaccurate notions about God, religion and belief. They've picked up tidbits, jokes, and "sound-bites," and on such solid authority they dismiss the entire topic.

4) Unfortunate experiences. Many have had personal hardships, or a harsh religious upbringing or education, and as a consequence may retain an unhappy feeling towards belief, without realizing that emotions and proofs are two different things.

5) Many think that science, and specifically Evolution, have proved that there is no God. They don't comprehend that even if Evolution was an unquestionable fact, it would not automatically follow that God isn't there. They also seem unaware that there are a significant number of highly-qualified scientists who do not believe in Evolution.

6) Intellectual laziness. Many people have simply never delved into the subject, to see if God's existence can be convincingly demonstrated.

7) Stereotyping. People call us "religious nuts," "Bible-thumpers," etc.; so the average layperson may get a negative feeling toward all belief, not realizing that he/she should first look into the existence of God in principle, before necessarily looking into religion.

Today the word "banner" is used generally for any type or shape of flag or large poster; in medieval times it meant a very specific and particular type of flag and was just one of many different kinds: banners, banderoles, gonfalons, gonfanons, pennons, pennoncells, standards, streamers, and guidons.

Most people are unaware that there were many different grades of knight, each rank being allowed to carry (or have someone else carry) a specific and strictly-controlled type of flag.

At the very bottom of the grade system were knights bachelor, originally landless and therefore poor knights who had little or no experience of battle. They carried a pennoncelle attached to their spear - a small square or rectangular flag with two, three or more triangular tails on the edge opposite the spear; many of these can be seen on the Bayeux Tapestry carried by Norman knights. Higher grades of knight bachelor carried a pennon, usually a flag about 3 feet long and triangular in shape.

On becoming an experienced and trusted knight banneret, the knight was entitled to remove these triangular tails, leaving just the square or rectangular flag which was called a banner, carrying the same device as shown on the shield. This was carried in different sizes by increasingly higher grades of knight and might be fringed around the edge.

The next level of knights were of very high status and included royalty, their male relatives and most trusted barons. They carried (actually someone else carried for them) flags called standards, which were extremely long, narrow, tapering and swallow-tailed at the end. A royal standard could be 33 feet long. They did not display coats of arms, but the animal or other crests, livery colours, badges and mottoes of the family.

The purpose of the banner was to indicate the presence of a prticular knight on the battlefield; it served as a rallying-point for his own household troops and (since it symbolised the man himself) its loss was considered extremely shameful. It was from these banners that heralds in the opposing armies could identify the coats of arms (and therefore the names) of the important knights in the enemy ranks and where they were positioned.

It depends what you mean by "Church officials". All official members of the Roman Church, including pupils attending Church schools, were classed as clergy or clerics and all of them should have had their hair cut in the "Roman tonsure" with a bald spot at the crown of the head, indicating their status.

For all grades of secular (non-monastic) cleric, the basic garment was an alb - a white linen tunic with long sleeves and a hem reaching to the ankles. What was worn over this depended on grade; deacons, archdeacons, priests, bishops and archbishops all had specific garments indicating their status or the service they were about to conduct. University students and their masters wore a special type of closed cloak called a cappa clausa.

In the monasteries, the basic item was a woollen habit or tunic, worn over a linen shirt (except for the Cistercians, who disallowed underwear). This habit indicated the Order to which the person belonged: natural undyed off-white wool for Cistercians or Carthusians, black for Cluniacs and Benedictines). To this was added a cowl of the same material, or sometimes a hooded cloak.

It would take too long to specify all the different types of garment worn by everyone from doorkeeper to Pope; just explaining the clothes worn by a priest is an entire answer in itself.

See links below for images:

Originally they ate only in a refectorium (refectory, also called the "frater") which was usually sited on the south side of the cloister range, next to the kitchens and with facilities for washing hands just outside in the cloister walk (ambulatory).

Inside the refectory the long tables were arranged around the edges of the room, with the monks sitting close to the walls so that those appointed as servers could move freely around the central space.

Meals were always eaten in total silence, with a monk appointed as "weekly reader" standing at a reading desk with a Bible or other religious text at one side of the room - he would read passages throughout the meal so that the monks not only fed their bodies, but also their souls.

As time went on many monasteries began to relax the rules forbidding the eating of meat, but this was never permitted to take place in the refectorium. Another room called a misericord ("a mercy" in Latin) was reserved for the eating of meat when this was allowed, which was generally limited to a few monks at a time.

During meals and at other times when silence was imposed, communication was entirely by sign language. The Monastic sign languages are the oldest recorded sign language in the world.

See links below for images:

Medieval monks (not the same thing as Friars) spent around one third of their time attending 8 daily church services, which were called the liturgy, Opus Dei (the work of God) or Holy Offices. These consisted of prayers and hymns, but the major part of every service was chanting the Psalms in Latin.

The 150 Psalms in the Bible were seen as a ready-made hymn book and over the course of a week the monks in any one monastery would have chanted all 150, starting again on Sunday night. These Psalms were chanted in Plainsong (also known as Gregorian Chant), without any musical accompaniment. New monks would have to learn the tunes for all 150 Psalms, as well as learning Latin so they could understand exactly what they were singing.

The monk in charge of services (usually called the Sacrist or Sacristan) was also responsible for composing the tunes used for the Psalms, which he would do with the aid of a small portable organ. The monks would have to spend time learning any new tunes he devised. Sometimes the monk in charge of the Infirmary would ask for music to be played for the sick and elderly - this could be on a harp or some other instrument.

So music was played by monks, but not in their services.

Thomas Becket was born in Cheapside, a mercantile area of London.

He was the son of a man who sold cloth.

His mother and father came from different towns in Normandy.

His education, which included riding and manners, was provided by a friend of his father's.

He attended universities.

He went on missions to Rome for the Archbishop of Canterbury.

He was made Archdeacon at Canterbury Cathedral.

The Archbishop recommended him to the office of Lord Chancellor, to which King Henry II appointed him.

He was a good friend of the King, who made him Archbishop of Canterbury.

He was a bit too serious about religion for the king, and defended the authority of the Church when the king wanted to reduce it for his own benefit.

He was stubborn.

He was murdered by four knights who attacked him with swords as he prayed, during Vespers at Canterbury Cathedral.

Once every Century, on the centennial anniversary of his death, whoever has gone to sleep in the room over the main gate of St. Augustine's Abbey has been waked by the sound of a ghostly procession of monks carrying his body into the abbey to prepare it for burial. (You won't find this in the history books, but the locals say this is true.)

There is a secret society of three people who guard the secret of where the stone is that was covered by his blood and removed from the floor of the cathedral for safety. (More folk history.)

His shrine, at which he was buried, became the most important pilgrim destination in Britain.
1.hes a boy

2.he has hair

3.he has a mum or did

4.he has a dad or did

5.he has seen a girl

6.he has seen a boy

7.he has seen a door

8.he is called thomas

9.he has eyes

10.he has a mouth

1) Thomas Beckett was born in 1118 in Cheapside, London.

2) He was the archbishop of Canterbury in 1162.

3) He died on the 29th December 1170.

4)He was canonized by Pope Alexander, July 12, 1194.

5) He is also known as Thomas a Becket.
He was A friend of Thomas Becket

He died in December 29 in 1170
Thomas Becket Facts:

1.Born December 21st in 1118.

2.died December 29th in 1170

3.Nationality:English

4.Also Known as: Thomas a Becket

5.Thomas a Becket was declared a martyr, and in 1173, he was canonized by Pope 6.Alexander on July 12, 1174

7.Thomas Becket was famous as: the Archbishop of Canterbury

8.Position: Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170

9.The monks were afraid that Becket's body might be stolen.

10.Becket's bones were moved to a new gold-plated and bejewelled shrine behind the high altar.

It depends who is speaking. In Middle English, spoken by peasants, merchants, craftsmen and tradesmen, wine was called licour, raspice, win, roche, vernage, rinish, and various other names depending on the type of wine and where it came from. German and French wine was imported to England in large amounts.

A nobleman would call it algarde, antioche, blanc, charrie, chaudel, clary, especerie, flurir, gascoign, gilofre, ipocras, maddok, maumerie, malmsey, osey, piment, primice, romeny, tyr, vernage or simply vin, again depending on the specific type and place of origin of the wine. Especerie was spiced wine, primice was newly-made wine that had not matured.