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Popes
The Pope is the Bishop of Rome and is leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. The Pope is also head of state of the Vatican City, a sovereign city-state entirely enclaved by Rome.
2,799 Questions
Paul Tibbets died on November 1, 2007 at the age of 92.
When did the pope move to Avignon?
The Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1378, during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon, in France.
What language is gregorian chant?
Latin. Latin is no longer a spoken language, but is still used in music.
Paul Young is still alive.
If you mean Paul Young, former singer with Mike & The Mechanics and Sad Cafe, he died of a heart attack in 2000.
He was the last pope who reigned over the Papal States, a large piece of central and northern Italy which the Popes got in 753/754 by probably the largest scam in history.
Pius IX was pope from 1846 until 1878, the longest reign in papal history.
Pius IX was one of the youngest popes.
He was a very bad ruler and turned the Papal states into a real police state. He was strongly anti semiti. The treatment of the Jews in Rome drew criticism from all over Europe. Children were kidnapped and baptised against their will. A Jew could not testify in court against a non Jew. Pius IX, kept a Jewish child as his personal pet for a while causing even a reaction from the US president.
in 1870 the french troops who protected the pope and the papal states had to leave Rome to join the fernch army in the Franco Prussian war. Rome was liberated by an army of volunteers and Pope Pius IX had to be protected by the new Italian army against the fury of the Romans.
To compensate the loss of his worldly power, Pius IX declared papal infallibilty. This means that under special circumstances, when the pope made a statement about religious matters, he was infallible. This mean for the German government in interference in internal German matters. The new German state (1871) was afraid that its catholic populaton would rather follow the "infallible" pope than the government. This lead to a very bitter and strong fight between the German government and the pope. The pope won, because the German government wanted him to join in the battle against upcoming socialism.
Pope Pius IX died in 1878. He was so unpopular amongst the Roman population that the Vatican had to wait until 1881 to take his body to the church where he wanted to be buried. The transport took place in the middle of the night. The Romans discovered the funeral procession, attacked it and flung the casket in the Tiber.
AnswerThe above is a popular account that has been circulating for decades about pope Pius IX. It is lacking in its veracity to a serious degree.Pius IX was pope for almost 32 years, having been elected in 1846 and reigning until his death in 1878. In the beginning he was a bad leader: he was a liberal pope, elected as such on purpose through the influence of the liberal majority. He emptied the papal prisons of the Church's enemies and curtailed the more severe rules that were oppressive to those that wished freedoms in opposition to the Church. This was a political mistake as the Italian nationalist movement was looking to take the papal states. The result was that the liberals saw the pope as weak and the Papal states ripe for the taking. They wasted no time - the Vatican itself was attacked, the prime minister and a cardinal assassinated among others, and the pope, though a liberal, had to flee for his life, escaping in the cover of night. He had played his part and was now a flimsy symbol left to be destroyed.
Or so they thought. Pius IX now understood why his predecessors had been so stern in their decrees and dealings, especially against the liberals. The nationalists could not consolidate and their republic faltered and they had to regroup. Pius IX returned in 1850, but he was a changed man. He enacted a papal army made up of volunteers from around the world to defend the papal states from the Nationalist army under Garibaldi who was nibbling up territory and taking Church property as he went. He reinstated the restrictions against the liberals and revoked those as well that he had granted the Jews - he, in fact, had granted them concessions before the attack but now simply reapplied them, nothing more.
In 1854 Pius IX infallibly decalred the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. Four years later, Bernadette Soubirious would see apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Lourdes. The lady identified herself as the Immaculate Conception, a term too complex and new for Bernadette to have known.
The sensational story that the pope had a Jewish child as a pet is quite old and quite twisted. What really happened is that a Catholic servant girl for a Jewish family had baptized one of their children. Six-year old, Edgardo Mortara had been deathly ill and judging it necessary to save the child's soul she administered baptism. The child survived but now was Christian and according to papal law, no Christian could be reared by a practicing Jew. The removal of the boy was enforced by papal police. Pius IX had foreseen such difficulties - to him the presence of Jews in papal territory was already poorly done as interaction between the two religions was bound to cause compromises that would in turn cause problems. Point in fact: Jewish families hired Catholic servants as such servants could work through their Sabbath and were prized as trustworthy insofar as their religion held them to such strict morals. Then this emergency baptism happened...and Pius was not going to give. The Italian nationals were quick to harp on the case and international pressure grew in favour of returning the boy to his family, after all, Church law or not, such a separation was traumatic. The pope politely told the world no and saw that the boy was reared Catholic. The parents were free to visit the child any time, but he would not be returned to them and, frankly, he never asked to be. When Mortara reached the legal age for adult independence he expressed his wishes to remain Catholic to his family and entered a seminary.
The Italian nationalists gained a victory over the Church because of the above; to the ever-modernizing world that was even now already showing signs of globalization, the pope was still living like an autonomous Medieval king, uninterested in their opinions and ideas of the future. Most national leaders, their own governments free of direct religious influence, were resentful of how the Church influenced so many of their citizens through their basic religious beliefs. The pope proved unimpressed and kept scourging the liberals in his encyclicals which identified and condemned the modernism and liberalism that he had been so lenient towards in the beginning. As well, he refurbished Rome, strengthening the economy, managing modern transportation and generally fixing up the eternal city - to this day many buildings bear plaques in gratitude for these efforts. Facing political annihilation, however, the Church was being besieged by its enemies on all sides. Forever wary after the attack on the Vatican and seeing that the Faith was being affected by this display of political power loss, the pope saw it was time to formally refute the ideas that were percolating into belief. He thus summoned an ecumenical council.
The First Vatican Council ran from December 8th, 1869 to September 1, 1870 when it was interrupted by the Franco-Prussian war. The council was convened in order to outline the nature of papal infallibility as well as practically identify and condemn modern errors. The doctrine of papal infallibility simply was that a pope, when acting in his capacity as the pope addressing the universal Church, could speak definitively regarding faith and morals. Save for a small dissent group that would split from the Church and become the "Old Catholics", all the Churchmen already held the doctrine but some questioned whether it was prudent to pronounce it now. Knowing that the papal states were lost, the pope was wary of how some of the faithful were equating weakening political authority with Church authority, when the two were unrelated, just as they had been in the early Church before Constantine. The pope thus infallibily declared the doctrine of papal infallibility, a belief already implicit to Catholics; indeed to pronounce such a thing without already implicitly having the power would have been absurd, and to accept, even more so. When the war came the council was suspended and never resumed; within the year the Italian nationals had taken the papal states and the pope was restricted to Rome, in the current Vatican State that still exists to this day.
When the pope died in 1878 he was a prisoner in the Vatican and had to be buried in St. Peter's grotto. Three years later he was exhumed in order to be buried in the basilica of St. Lawrence outside the Walls as he requested, a basilica outside of the Vatican but yet within Rome. The nationalists were to have none of it; they attacked the procession and unsuccessfully attempted to desecrate his body by throwing it in the Tiber. Many unflattering histories were written about the pope by those moderns he had been so intent to expose and discredit, resulting in the things presented in the first answer.
In 1907 the cause for his canonization was introduced, showing that he actually was popular among the people and recognized by the Church for his efforts and moral strength. Mortara, the Jewish boy, now a priest, was himself a proponent of the pope's cause for sainthood and wrote to support it. The Italian government was livid and vehemently protested. Italy has since warmed to the papacy, having been through so much itself; when Pius was declared venerable by John Paul II in 1985, there was no dissent. In 2000 pope John Paul II raised Pius IX to blessed and had his body exhumed, it was found to be incorrupt and is now open to public viewing and veneration.
As a note of high irony, Pope John Paul II also beatified another pope along with Pius IX that day in 2000, and that was John XXIII. This is ironic since John XXIII was the first liberal pope the liberals managed to get back into power. John XXIII, however, remained a liberal. He too convoked a Council, that of Vatican II, which was renowned for its inclusion of Protestant observers as well as deviant Catholic theologians and which discussed how the Church could better accomodate and get in line with the world in order to be accepted. Pius IX and John XXIII are on opposite sides of the spectrum. Pius IX's efforts strengthed the Church for another 100 years whereas within just 10 years of John XXIII's council the Church has become a struggling institution of glorified social workers, seemingly having lost its identity. This has lead many Catholics to believe that John's canonization process will be ultimately suspended, or that if it is rammed through - as it has been at break neck speed for a typical canonization process, although John Paul liked making saints - that it will be found to be invalid at some point.
Why did Michelangelo write a hostile poem about the pope?
Because Michelangelo preferred sculpting, but Pope Julius forced him to paint.
When is Jean Nicolet's birthday?
He was born on 1 November 1642, ca. 1598. He is known for the discovery of Green Bay of Lake Michigan.
Did Pope Leo X excommunicate Martin Luther?
While Luther did have some legitimate complaints which the pope refused to address, he was also teaching a number of things that were considered heretical by the Church. When he refused to recant these teachings, the pope excommunicated him.
Pope Alexander VII was born on February 13, 1599 and died on May 22, 1667. Pope Alexander VII would have been 68 years old at the time of death or 416 years old today.
How did Pope Leo X punish Martin Luther?
Like a good Father, Pope Leo X attempted to reason with Martin Luther, and even offered him safe conduct to Rome so that they could meet personally, and discuss Luther's "issues". All attempts at reconciliation and even friendly gestures from Luther's superiors, of which the pope was the highest on earth, were, not just rebuffed, but actually belittled by M. Luther, which is just beyond comprehension.
At the links below you will find two Papal Bulls by Pope Leo X, the first, Exsurge
Domine
is the Bull he issued condemning the errors of Martin Luther on 15 June 1520; the second, Decet
Romanum
Pontificem
is the Bull of Excommunication of Martin Luther and all his followers issued on 3 January 1521.
Did popes own their own homes?
There is nothing to prevent a pope from owning a home before he is elected. However, unless that home is in the Vatican, he will have to abandon it when he becomes pope and move to the Vatican, the traditional home of the popes.
Who was the pope at the time when Constantine was emperor?
During the reign of Constantine I (the Great, 306-337) the popes were: Marcellus I (308-309), Eusebius (309-310) Miltiades (311-314), Sylvester I (314-335), Mark (330), and Julius I (337-352).
Between 304 and 308 there was an interregnum, a period where there was not a pope.
Who was the powerful medieval pope in 1198-1216?
This covers a 1000 years of history so there were many.
- St. Sixtus III (432-40)
- St. Leo I (the Great) (440-61)
- St. Hilarius (461-68)
- St. Simplicius (468-83)
- St. Felix III (II) (483-92)
- St. Gelasius I (492-96)
- Anastasius II (496-98)
- St. Symmachus (498-514) Opposed by Laurentius, antipope (498-501)
- St. Hormisdas (514-23)
- St. John I (523-26)
- St. Felix IV (III) (526-30)
- Boniface II (530-32) Opposed by Dioscorus, antipope (530)
- John II (533-35)
- St. Agapetus I (535-36) Also called Agapitus I
- St. Silverius (536-37)
- Vigilius (537-55)
- Pelagius I (556-61)
- John III (561-74)
- Benedict I (575-79)
- Pelagius II (579-90)
- St. Gregory I (the Great) (590-604)
- Sabinian (604-606)
- Boniface III (607)
- St. Boniface IV (608-15)
- St. Deusdedit (Adeodatus I) (615-18)
- Boniface V (619-25)
- Honorius I (625-38)
- Severinus (640)
- John IV (640-42)
- Theodore I (642-49)
- St. Martin I (649-55)
- St. Eugene I (655-57)
- St. Vitalian (657-72)
- Adeodatus (II) (672-76)
- Donus (676-78)
- St. Agatho (678-81)
- St. Leo II (682-83)
- St. Benedict II (684-85)
- John V (685-86)
- Conon (686-87)
- St. Sergius I (687-701) Opposed by Theodore and Paschal, antipopes (687)
- John VI (701-05)
- John VII (705-07)
- Sisinnius (708)
- Constantine (708-15)
- St. Gregory II (715-31)
- St. Gregory III (731-41)
- St. Zachary (741-52)
- Stephen II (752) Because he died before being consecrated, many authoritative lists omit him
- Stephen III (752-57)
- St. Paul I (757-67)
- Stephen IV (767-72) Opposed by Constantine II (767) and Philip (768), antipopes (767)
- Adrian I (772-95)
- St. Leo III (795-816)
- Stephen V (816-17)
- St. Paschal I (817-24)
- Eugene II (824-27)
- Valentine (827)
- Gregory IV (827-44)
- Sergius II (844-47) Opposed by John, antipope (855)
- St. Leo IV (847-55)
- Benedict III (855-58) Opposed by Anastasius, antipope (855)
- St. Nicholas I (the Great) (858-67)
- Adrian II (867-72)
- John VIII (872-82)
- Marinus I (882-84)
- St. Adrian III (884-85)
- Stephen VI (885-91)
- Formosus (891-96)
- Boniface VI (896)
- Stephen VII (896-97)
- Romanus (897)
- Theodore II (897)
- John IX (898-900)
- Benedict IV (900-03)
- Leo V (903) Opposed by Christopher, antipope (903-904)
- Sergius III (904-11)
- Anastasius III (911-13)
- Lando (913-14)
- John X (914-28)
- Leo VI (928)
- Stephen VIII (929-31)
- John XI (931-35)
- Leo VII (936-39)
- Stephen IX (939-42)
- Marinus II (942-46)
- Agapetus II (946-55)
- John XII (955-63)
- Leo VIII (963-64)
- Benedict V (964)
- John XIII (965-72)
- Benedict VI (973-74)
- Benedict VII (974-83) Benedict and John XIV were opposed by Boniface VII, antipope (974; 984-985)
- John XIV (983-84)
- John XV (985-96)
- Gregory V (996-99) Opposed by John XVI, antipope (997-998)
- Sylvester II (999-1003)
- John XVII (1003)
- John XVIII (1003-09)
- Sergius IV (1009-12)
- Benedict VIII (1012-24) Opposed by Gregory, antipope (1012)
- John XIX (1024-32)
- Benedict IX (1032-45) He appears on this list three separate times, because he was twice deposed and restored
- Sylvester III (1045) Considered by some to be an antipope
- Benedict IX (1045)
- Gregory VI (1045-46)
- Clement II (1046-47)
- Benedict IX (1047-48)
- Damasus II (1048)
- St. Leo IX (1049-54)
- Victor II (1055-57)
- Stephen X (1057-58)
- Nicholas II (1058-61) Opposed by Benedict X, antipope (1058)
- Alexander II (1061-73) Opposed by Honorius II, antipope (1061-1072)
- St. Gregory VII (1073-85) Gregory and the following three popes were opposed by Guibert ("Clement III"), antipope (1080-1100)
- Blessed Victor III (1086-87)
- Blessed Urban II (1088-99)
- Paschal II (1099-1118) Opposed by Theodoric (1100), Aleric (1102) and Maginulf ("Sylvester IV", 1105-1111), antipopes (1100)
- Gelasius II (1118-19) Opposed by Burdin ("Gregory VIII"), antipope (1118)
- Callistus II (1119-24)
- Honorius II (1124-30) Opposed by Celestine II, antipope (1124)
- Innocent II (1130-43) Opposed by Anacletus II (1130-1138) and Gregory Conti ("Victor IV") (1138), antipopes (1138)
- Celestine II (1143-44)
- Lucius II (1144-45)
- Blessed Eugene III (1145-53)
- Anastasius IV (1153-54)
- Adrian IV (1154-59)
- Alexander III (1159-81) Opposed by Octavius ("Victor IV") (1159-1164), Pascal III (1165-1168), Callistus III (1168-1177) and Innocent III (1178-1180), antipopes
- Lucius III (1181-85)
- Urban III (1185-87)
- Gregory VIII (1187)
- Clement III (1187-91)
- Celestine III (1191-98)
- Innocent III (1198-1216)
- Honorius III (1216-27)
- Gregory IX (1227-41)
- Celestine IV (1241)
- Innocent IV (1243-54)
- Alexander IV (1254-61)
- Urban IV (1261-64)
- Clement IV (1265-68)
- Blessed Gregory X (1271-76)
- Blessed Innocent V (1276)
- Adrian V (1276)
- John XXI (1276-77)
- Nicholas III (1277-80)
- Martin IV (1281-85)
- Honorius IV (1285-87)
- Nicholas IV (1288-92)
- St. Celestine V (1294)
- Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
- Blessed Benedict XI (1303-04)
- Clement V (1305-14)
- John XXII (1316-34) Opposed by Nicholas V, antipope (1328-1330)
- Benedict XII (1334-42)
- Clement VI (1342-52)
- Innocent VI (1352-62)
- Blessed Urban V (1362-70)
- Gregory XI (1370-78)
- Urban VI (1378-89) Opposed by Robert of Geneva ("Clement VII"), antipope (1378-1394)
- Boniface IX (1389-1404) Opposed by Robert of Geneva ("Clement VII") (1378-1394), Pedro de Luna ("Benedict XIII") (1394-1417) and Baldassare Cossa ("John XXIII") (1400-1415), antipopes
- Innocent VII (1404-06) Opposed by Pedro de Luna ("Benedict XIII") (1394-1417) and Baldassare Cossa ("John XXIII") (1400-1415), antipopes
- Gregory XII (1406-15) Opposed by Pedro de Luna ("Benedict XIII") (1394-1417), Baldassare Cossa ("John XXIII") (1400-1415), and Pietro Philarghi ("Alexander V") (1409-1410), antipopes
- Martin V (1417-31)
- Eugene IV (1431-47) Opposed by Amadeus of Savoy ("Felix V"), antipope (1439-1449)
- Nicholas V (1447-55)
- Callistus III (1455-58)
- Pius II (1458-64)
- Paul II (1464-71)
- Sixtus IV (1471-84)
- Innocent VIII (1484-92)
- Alexander VI (1492-1503)
How was Pope Leo X important to the Reformation?
He is known primarily for the sale of indulgences to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica, which angered many Christians, especially Calvin and Luther who decided to reform the church.
Who was the pope that declared Luther a heritic?
Pope Leo X, who was pope from March 9, 1513, to December 1, 1521, excommunicated Luther.
Why was the pope an important christian leader?
belive it or not, popes were very important. When war went on, the pope would take a huge metal bat called a vecat and wack his oponets withit. however their weren't many popes because it was a dangourus job. the pope couldn't wear armor because it would slow himself (always a boy) down. Even the vecat was hollow to make it lighter but it could still easily split skulls and disarm oponents.
The Treaty of Tordesillas, which was the name for this Papal Agreement adjudicating the borders of the world that Spain and Portugal could colonize effectively prevented war between the two states.
At the time, the size of the South American continent was not completely known, and though the Spanish came off better in the total extent of territory, Portugal got the largest single piece of the pie--Brazil. Today Brazil is by far the largest Portuguese-speaking country in the world.
Who did the pope crown king of Rome in 800?
The pope crowned Charlemagne as King of the Holy Roman Empire in the year 800
Who was Roman emperor when the apostle Peter was executed?
A second-century tradition was that Peter was beheaded on the orders of the Emperor Nero, while a later tradition was that Peter was crucified upside down. However, it is good to ignore many such legends that arise without any eidence to support them. We have no reason to believe that Paul was executed, whether by beheading or crucifixion.
Why did Pope Gregory and Henry IV fight?
henry iv wanted to use lay vesture which was appointing someone as a bishop of abbot the pope didnt like this so he treatne to excommunicate him and eventaully did they basicaly faught over power.
The power struggle between popes and kings?
In the past, such as the Middle Ages, the pope had immense power. This was because nearly everyone went to church back then (namely the Catholic church, which the pope belongs to), thereby giving the pope extreme power. (Hence the common corruption/misuse of power when it came to the popes-- though that is a matter of opinion.) Due to being at the head of such power, the pope acted as someone of, well, power. However, they weren't supposed to be the head of the power. The king(s) was. And so a power struggle is what ensued, with the Church (pope) wanting or possessing power that, by law, belonged to the king. And, of course, the pope held power over the church people, complicating the problem. This power struggle shows what it means to have a separation between church and state, and to have a lack of one. An example of this power struggle is with Pope Leo III and Charlemagne. Read about it at the link below. Remember to read Part II to get the whole picture.
