Quantum Mechanics

The diameter of the helium-4 nucleus is about 1x10-15 m.

When Schrodinger applied his mathematical formulae to the permitted states of an electron in a hydrogen atom, he found they perfectly matched the Bohr Model, which had perfectly predicted hydrogen spectral lines. For Schrondinger, that was good enough for him to publish his work. Max Born later showed that the Schrodinger Equation could be used to accurately predict particle scattering from a nucleus. However, Born showed that this would only work if one assumes that the cross-product of Schrodinger's Wave Function represents the probability of a point charge being in a specific place; something that Schrodinger never accepted.

Patintero is a traditional Filipino game usually played by two teams. The goal is for the team designated as the "it" group to catch members of the opposing team as they try to cross the grid without being tagged. Players must avoid being touched by "it" team members while navigating the grid within a specified timeframe. The team that successfully crosses the grid without being tagged wins the game.

Taking the modulus of the wave function allows us to obtain the probability density of finding a particle at a particular position in quantum mechanics. This is because the square of the modulus of the wave function gives us the probability of finding the particle in a given volume element.

A simple wave function can be expressed as a trigonometric function of either sine or cosine.

lamba = A sine(a+bt) or lamba = A cosine(a+bt)

where

lamba = the y value of the wave

A= magnitude of the wave

a= phase angle

b= frequency.

the derivative of sine is cosine and the derivative of cosine is -sine

so

the derivative of a sine wave function would be y'=Ab cosine(a+bt)

""""""""""""""""""" cosine wave function would be y' =-Ab sine(a+bt)

Such things always depend on your definition of a force field.

There was an ion-deflecting forcefield developed at my establishment of work a few years ago. It was made to protect spacecraft from solar radiation and it worked well.

If you mean a forcefield to block torpedoes, boarding ships and laser fire....probably not, for many reasons. But hey, who's to say what the future holds? We hear about the development of such things now and again in the media but that means almost nothing and there's rarely a paper to back anything up. A google search will provide you with some possibilities, though.

In a quantum mechanical sense (if you say 'force field' to a physicist or chemist, rather than a couch potato), force fields refer to non-contact vector fields. This almost always applies to electric fields and is an area of much research in its ability to describe atoms\molecules. Computational chemistry harnesses this in many competing ways to - hopefully, one day - rid of wet chemistry and allow experiments to be fully accurate on a computer program.

This is a long way off, but is absolutely possible and making good progress currently - especially with the increasing power of computers.

Quantum-noetics is an interdisciplinary field that combines elements of quantum physics and consciousness studies to explore the relationship between human consciousness and the physical world. It posits that the mind and consciousness play a fundamental role in shaping reality at a quantum level. Quantum-noetics seeks to understand how consciousness influences the behavior of subatomic particles and the nature of reality itself.

If you mean, shouldn't light be everywhere at once... then no. Time only slows down for matter traveling close to the speed of light. And by 'slows down', I mean it's only slower to stationary observers watching the speeding matter. To the speeding matter everything is business as usual, but the universe looks a little different. You start to notice things like time dilation (the universe around you seems to speed up) and space flattening (the amount of space you travel through to get places seems much less).

So, to answer your initial question, to a stationary observer, what's going on in a light ray may seem stopped, but the speed the light ray is traveling is measurable. The cool thing about this is, since time is stopped for the photon compared to the rest of us, they never age. That's how we can observe the light from galaxies that are 10 billion light years away.

Normally you create vacuum by pumping out the air from a sealed container. Electric and magnetic fields would seldom be used, unless you had some electrically charged particles that you wanted to remove from your partial vacuum.

The quantum cafe is used by Brain Greene in his book The Elegant Universe to illustrate the weirdness of quantum mechanics. It is also featured in the NOVA documentary with the same name based on his book.

A lot of things happen in the cafe, people and objects change in shape, objects teleport around, you order one drink but you get another. As Brain himself remarks you are never sure what you will get when you order something.

Since this is just an illustration it is not meant to be a literal description of quantum mechanics. Most of the things in the quantum cafe can be related to the Uncertainty Principle of quantum mechanics.

Superconductivity is not by any means a classical phenomenon. Imagine the water in the pipes in your house suddenly all occupying the same space, and the flow of water is not the movement of small elements of water individually, but rather every drop of water acts together to flow in the same direction.

In technical terms the simpler superconductors involve the electrons paring up into "cooper pairs" which act as a single particle with bose-einstein statistics and condensate into a superfluid.

There is no evidence to suggest that antimatter travels backwards in time. Antimatter particles behave similarly to their matter counterparts but with opposite charge. Time travel concepts are still theoretical and not directly connected to the properties of antimatter.

I presume you are asking about physics theories.

My judgement would be general relativity and quantum mechanics.

Both were developed mainly (in the former case, almost entirely) by German scientists.

Air is transparent when you sit in the woods and look up to see the milky way. Then the wind shifts and the pollution rolls in. Starlight no longer illuminates your path. Whereas before you saw all the stars on the star chart, now you see only the brightest. Whereas you could previously make out the shapes of trees, now only artificial light cuts through the darkness. The air has become translucent.

Then fog rolls through. You can no longer see the man made lights off in the distance. The atmosphere is now opaque.

I presume what you are asking is "Why does the psi function have no physical significance while psi squared does?"

The reason is simple but somewhat frustrating -- in our Universe, it just does! There's no reason WHY a Universe could exist where the psi function is, itself, something we can measure over time. Just like a Universe COULD exist where gravitational attraction depends on inverse cube of the distance between two masses. But, in our Universe, the usefulness of the psi function is in its square.

If all we know is psi itself, there's no way for us to measure anything -- even over time -- that would depend solely on psi. But we CAN measure things that, over time, depend out of the square of psi. And the experimental results are clear: the square of psi DOES predict something, psi itself does not.

Whether we like it or not, that's how our Universe operates.

A few centuries ago, all we humans knew was that planets moved around our Sun in eliptical orbits. We could not explain WHY that was the case, we just knew the mathematics matched the experimental evidence. Eventually we (actually, Isaac Newton almost entirely by himself) developed a theory of gravity that allowed us to derive eliptical orbits. Perhaps scientists of the future will be able to develop a theory from which the psi function can be derived. We can only hope.

I suspect you are referring to the so-called fine structure constant, whose value is about 1/137 (although it varies with energy, 1/137 is the zero energy value). It describes the strength of the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature, making it quite important.

It describes for example how often an electron would emit a photon, the strengths of electric and magnetic fields and molecular bonds.

It is also dimensionless, so the number is the same regardless of which units you happen to use.

Light curves on Earth due to the planet's curvature. As light travels through the atmosphere, it refracts (bends) slightly. This refraction causes the light to curve downward, following the Earth's surface rather than traveling in a straight line.

No evidence exists for "alternate dimensions." If they DID exist, no known theoretical framework exists in which acceleration would cause matter in our dimension to go to the other one simply acceleration. In our Universe, acceleration greater than a certain level would cause the death of organic matter. This fatal level has been achieved with death occuring, but no disappearance of the organism -- it simply dies.

The idea you suggest is pure fiction, on the same level as magic gremlims.

The length of mechanics courses can vary depending on the level and intensity of the course. They can range from a few weeks for a short introductory course to several years for a comprehensive degree program. Typical university courses may last one semester to one year.

No, the photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons from a material due to the absorption of photons. Infrared rays have lower energy photons than visible light, so they are not typically energetic enough to cause the photoelectric effect. Only photons with enough energy, such as ultraviolet or higher energy photons, can induce the photoelectric effect.

It is only on the extremely small, sub-atomic scale that the wave/particle duality of matter becomes significant. On larger scales, such as the ones we encounter in daily life, solid matter does not exhibit any wave-like characteristics that we could detect.

In theory, time reversal is possible based on the laws of physics, particularly in quantum mechanics. However, in practical terms, achieving time reversal remains a significant challenge due to the complexity and energy requirements involved. Additionally, time reversal is generally understood to be a theoretical concept rather than a physical reality that can be readily observed or utilized.

Recall that, in basic quantum mechanics, the "expectation value" of a quantity is the arithmetical mean you would get if you measured that quantity innumerable times. A particle in a one-dimensional box is basically bouncing back and forth within the box, with no change in momentum between bounces. Thus, it is just likely to have momentum in one direction (let's call it "to the left") as the other direction ("to the right"). If you take several measurements of the momentum, half will have a leftward momentum, half will have a rightward momentum -- and the size of all measurements will be equal (no loss of velocity in the bounce). If you sum up all such measurements, the half going left will thus exactly cancel the other half going right. Since the sum is zero, the arithmetic mean is zero, and thus the expectation value is zero.

Planck's constant is used in quantum mechanics to describe the energy of particles, such as photons, at the atomic and subatomic scale. It is essential for understanding phenomena like the photoelectric effect, black-body radiation, and the behavior of electrons in semiconductors. Planck's constant is also fundamental in determining the size and behavior of quantum systems.

MCI stands for Mild Cognitive Impairment. It is a condition where individuals experience cognitive decline that is more significant than expected for their age but not severe enough to be classified as dementia. A person with MCI may have memory problems or other cognitive difficulties that are noticeable to themselves or others.