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Roman Numerals
Questions and answers related to the symbols used by the ancient Romans to represent numbers. These include the numerals: I, V, X, L, C, D and M.
14,167 Questions
What the M represents in MAOB?
MOABMassive Ordnance Air Blast (US DoD munition)MOABMonth of Apple Bugs (Mac security problems)MoAbMonoclonal AntibodyMOABMother of All Bombs (slang for the MOAB weapon)MOABMarketing Order Administration BranchMOABMother of All Bailouts (humor)MOABManagement of Aggressive Behavior (NANA)MOABMother of All BattlesMOABMother Of All BuffetsMOABMother of All Blowers (Automotive Supercharger)MOABMicrosoft Application BridgeMOABMotorised Air-Break (type of switch used in electricity distribution systems)
In today's modern configuration of Roman numerals 1999 is now considered to be MCMXCIX but the ancient Romans would have probably worked out the above as in the following formats:-
A: MMMI+IMM = (V) => 3001+[2000-1] = 5000.
B: MMMI+MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII = (V) => 3001+1999 = 5000.
C: MMMI-IMM = MII => 3001-[2000-1] = 1002.
D: MMMI-MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII = MII => 3001-1999 = 1002.
The rules as we know them today now governing the Roman numerals system had nothing to do with the Romans because they were introduced during the Middle Ages and as result of these rules the equivalent of 999 converted into Roman numerals is now considered to be CMXCIX which hardly lends itself quite easily for the purpose of mathematical operations but there exist credible evidence to show that the ancient Romans would have worked out the requested calculations as in the following formats:-
MDCCLXXVI+IM = MMDCCLXXV => 1776+(1000-1) = 2775
MDCCLXXVI+DCCCCLXXXXVIIII = MMDCCLXXV => 1776+999 = 2775
MDCCLXXVI-IM = DCCLXXVII => 1776-(1000-1) = 777
MDCCLXXVI-DCCCCLXXXXVIIII = DCCLXXVII => 1776-999 = 777
Note that in mathematics -(1000-1) becomes 1-1000 and that the above calculations were fairly simple and straightforward to work out but for more advanced calculations the Romans would have used an abacus calculating device.
QED
What are a score or more facts and figures regarding the system of Roman numerals?
1 It was originally created by the Etruscans who used symbols for numbers
2 It was adapted by the Romans who then used letters for numbers
3 Its numerals are: M=1000 D=500 C=100 L=50 X=10 V=5 and I=1
4 It's the numerical element of the Latin language once spoken by the Romans
5 It used an abacus counting device for complicated calculations
6 It used brackets to increase the value of numerals as for example: (V)=5000
7 It doesn't need a zero figure because place value of numerals are self evident
8 It uses fractions to a limited extent as for example: S=1/2
9 It never used IV for 4 for fear of offending the Roman god Jupiter
10 It was the most advanced numeracy system in the known ancient world
11 It avoided lengthy long numerals by abridging them whenever possible
12 Its abridgment for XXXX is XL meaning -10+50=40
13 It once used j at the end of numerals to prevent fraud
14 Its greatest advantage once was its simplicity for working out arithmetic
15 Its rules as we know them today had nothing to do with the Romans
16 Its rules as we know them today were introduced during the Middle Ages
17 Its rules were probably changed to make it compatible with Hindu-Arabic numerals
18 It was gradually replaced by Hindu-Arabic numerals in the Middle Ages
19 It's now XIX for 19 but the Latin language says it should be XVIIII or IXX
20 It's now MCMXCIX for 1999 but at one time it was notated quite differently
21 Its rule was (now changed) that positive and negative numerals went in opposite descending directions as for example: CCXXVIIIIS=SXXCCL=>229.5=-20.5+250
QED
What is the connection with Hindu-Arabic numerals and that whiich involves angles?
It is written that at one time in the distant past Hindu-Arabic numerals or digits were once encoded with secret geometrical symbols inasmuch that the first digit of 1 had either an arc or an angle hidden in it of 36 degrees and then thereafter each consecutive digit was increased by increments of 36 degrees by means of arcs and angles or a combination of both in which the 0 digit finally consisted of 360 degrees.
As a consequence of these concealed codes the digit degree sum of any number from 1 to infinity would always finally add up 9 degrees as the following example shows:-
Digit degree sum of 2357 = 36*(2+3+5+7) = 612 => 6+1+2 = 9 degrees
Over the past thousands of years Hindu-Arabic numerals have been transformed into the configuration that we use today but the zero figure at one time probably resembled a circle which even today consist of ten arcs of 36 degrees amounting to 360 degrees.
Today 97 is now considered to be XCVII in Roman numerals but the ancient Romans would have expressed it quite differently.
Since you ask how I would do it: I would forget about doing this in Roman; rather, I would convert everything to arabic numbers, which are much more appropriate for such calculations.
Latin numeracy is the same as Roman numerals and under the modern rules now governing the Roman numeral system the equivalent of 549 when converted into Roman numerals is now considered to be DXLIX but there exist historical evidence to suggest that the ancient Romans would have worked it out on an abacus counting device as DXXXXVIIII which can be abridged to IDL thus expediating the speed and ease of the required calculations as follows:-
MDCCLXXVI+IDL = MMCCCXXV => 1776+(550-1) = 2325
MDCCLXXVI+DXXXXVIIII = MMCCCXXV => 1776-449 = 2325
MDCCLXXVI-IDL = MCCXXVII => 1776-(550-1) = 1227
MDCCLXXVI-DXXXXVIIII = MCCXXVII => 1776-549 = 1227
QED
How do you write 2010 Roman numerals?
MMX is the number 2010 in roman numerals. Here M is 1000 and X is 10.
What is 111 times 16 showing all work from start to finish in Roman numerals with explanations?
When at school you are taught that in long multiplication to multiply the units follow by the 10s followed by the 100s followed by the 1000s ... etc or vice versa and then add them up to gain their product but in Roman numerals it is a lot simpler because there are no 0 digits to be bothered about as the following shows:-
X*CXI+V*CXI+I*CXI = MCX+DLV+CXI = MDCCLXXVI
Which means: 10*111+5*111+1*111 = 1110+555+111 = 1776
Because of the changes made to the rules now governing the Roman numeral system introduced during the Middle Ages nowadays 1999, 19 and 199 when converted into Roman numerals are now configured as MCMXCIX, XIX and CXCIX respectively which restricts some sort of sensible arithmetical interaction amongst them.
Notwithstanding the aforementioned inasmuch that there exist historical evidence to suggest that the ancient Romans would have added together the given numbers in either of the following formats:-
A: IMM+IXX+ICC = MMCCXVII => (2000-1)+(20-1)+(200-1) = 2217.
B: MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII+XVIIII = MMXVIII => 1999+19 = 2018.
MMXVIII+CLXXXXVIIII = MMCCXVII => 2018+199 = 2217.
Note that the above calculations are fairly simple and straightforward to work out but for more complicated calculations the Romans would have used an abacus calculating device.
QED
What will be the total number of different symbol for the number of system with base 3?
The digits used in a counting system to the base 3 are 0, 1 and 2.
EXAMPLE : 11 to the base 3 is 102 ( 1x32 + 0x3 + 2) : 5 to the base 3 is 12.
The equivalent of 1776 and 223 converted into Roman numerals are MDCCLXXVI and CCXXIII respectively and under todays rules they officially add up to MCMXCIX which is supposed to be the equivalent of 1999.
But the ancient Romans would have probably calculated these numerals together on an abacus counting board as MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII which is the equivalent of 1999 and by placing I to both sides of these numerals systematically reduced them to IMM which is the equivalent of 2000-1 = 1999.
The real rules governing the original Roman numeral system were changed during the Middle Ages presumably to make the system more compatible friendly with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system that was gradually being introduced into Western Europe at the time.
QED by David Gambell
MISTAKEN is the answer for this puzzle: * letters 1234 are MIST (climate condition)
* letters 678 are KEN (a name) * letters 478 are TEN (a number) * letters 1457 are MTAE (can be rearranged to spell MATE, a challenge in chess games.)
Why is there no Egyptian symbol for zero?
Like many systems, you either have some of something, or you don't. If you do, you use a number for it. If not, no number is required. What is the point of saying "Hi fred, I own 0 Rolls Royces?"
