Roman Numerals

The rules as we now know them today governing the Roman numeral system have absolutely nothing to do with the ancient Romans whatsoever because they were changed in the Middle Ages presumably to make the Roman numeral system more compatible with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system that was gradually being introduced into Western Europe via Spain at the time and as a result the Hindu-Arabic numerals of 159 and 149 are now considered to be CLIX and CXLIX when converted into Roman numerals respectively which does not quite lend themselves easily towards mathematical interactivity between each other or any other numerals for that matter but nowadays we can extrapolate from reliable historical sources that the ancient Romans would have probably calculated the given integers as in any of the following formats:-

CLVIIII+CXXXXVIIII = CCCVIII => 159+149 = 308

ICLX+ICL = CCCVIII => (-1+160)+(-1+150) = 308

CLVIIII+CXXXXVIIII = X => 159-149 = 10

ICLX-ICL = X => (-1+160)-(-1+150) = 10

Note that the above calculations are pretty fundamental and were fairly easy to work out but for more complicated calculations the ancient Romans would have made usage of an abacus calculating device.

Nowadays 9-19-1999 is officially notated as IX-XIX-MCMXCIX in Roman numerals.

But there exist historical evidence to show that the ancient Romans would have worked out the equivalent of 9-19-1999 on an abacus counting device as follows:-

VIIII-XVIIII-MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII => 9-19-1999

And then abridged them logically in written format as follows:-

IX-IXX-IMM => (10-1)-(20-1)-(2000-1)

QED

This question has already been answered by myself but someone else has entirely deleted the original answer probably for plagiarizing purposes so here we go again:-

It is written that at one time in the distant past the Hindu-Arabic numerals or digits of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 0 were once encoded with secret geometrical symbols inasmuch that the first digit of 1 had either an arc or an angle of 36 degrees hidden in it and then thereafter each consecutive digit was increased by increments of 36 degrees by means of arcs and angles or a combination of both in which the digit 0 finally consisted of 360 degrees.

As a consequence of these concealed codes the digit degree sum of any number from 1 to infinity would always finally total to 9 degrees as the following example shows:-

Digit degree sum of 2357 = 36*(2+3+5+7) = 612 => 6+1+2 = 9 degrees

Over the past thousands of years Hindu-Arabic numerals have been transformed into the configuration that we use today but the zero figure at one time probably resembled a circle which even today consist of ten 36 degree arcs amounting to 360 degrees.

QED

Nowadays we would convert 998,001 into Roman numerals as CMXCVMMMI with lines above the first five numerals to indicate multiplication by a thousand and 1999 as MCMXCIX in which the ancient Romans would have probably discarded them as the scribblings of a child because the way we write out Roman numerals today differs in many respects in the way that the Romans actually did themselves thus preventing logical interaction of these numerals.

But notwithstanding the aforementioned inasmuch that there is historical evidence to suggest that the Romans would have abridged their numeracy system whenever possible as for example IX (10-1) is an abridged version of VIIII (9) and so it's quite feasible that the Roman equivalent of 998,001 and 1999 could have been calculated together in either of the following formats:-

(IIM)I+IMM = (M) => [1,000,000-2000+1]+[2000-1] = 1,000,000

Alternatively:-

(DCCCCLXXXXVIII)I+MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII = (M) => 998,001+1999 = 1,000,000

Note that numerals within brackets indicate multiplication by a 1000 and that todays practice of over lining numerals to indicate multiplication by a 1000 was introduced during the Middle Ages along with other rules still governing todays Roman numeral system.

Remember: 5*I=V, 2*V=X, 5*X=L, 2*L=C, 5*C=D and 2*D=M

Values: M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5 and I=1

QED by David Gambell

Notwithstanding todays modern notation of Roman numerals inasmuch that there is compelling historical evidence to suggest that the ancient Romans would have notated and subtracted the equivalent of 444 from 1999 using either of the following formats:-

IMM-IVLD = MDLV => (2000-1)-(500-56) = 1555

Remember that in arithmetic a double minus becomes a plus.

Alternatively by cancelling out like numerals:-

MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII-CCCCXXXXIIII = MDLV => 1999-444 = 1555

Todays rules governing the Roman numeral system were compiled and introduced during the Middle Ages so therefore it follows that they had little or even nothing to do with the original Roman way of calculating.

Values: M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5 and I=1

Note: 5*I=V, 2*V=X, 5*X=L, 2*L=C, 5*C=D and 2*D=M

QED by David Gambell

C x v l

it's one hundred sixteen

Notwithstanding todays modern configuration of Roman numerals inasmuch that there is substancial evidence to qualify the fact that the ancient Romans would have worked out the equivalent of 1 to 2000 on an abacus counting device as follows:-

1 to 9: I, II, III, IIII, V, VI, VII, VIII and VIIII

10 to 90: X, XX, XXX, XXXX, L, LX, LXX, LXXX and LXXXX

100 to 900: C, CC, CCC, CCCC, D, DC, DCC, DCCC and DCCCC

1000 and 2000: M and MM

To select any numerals simply write them out in descending order as in the examples: 1776 = MDCCLXXVI and 1666 = MDCLXVI

Note that sometimes it's possible to abridge numerals thus using less numerals but of equal value as the following examples show:-

4 = IIII => IV (5-1)

9 = VIIII => IX (10-1)

19 = XVIIII => IXX (20-1)

49 = XXXXVIIII => IL (50-1)

1999 = MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII => IMM (2000-1)

The way we write out Roman numerals today is because the real rules governing the Roman numeral system were changed in the Middle Ages presumably to make Roman numerals more compatible with Hindu-Arabic numerals that were being intoduced into Western Europe at the time.

QED by David Gambell