Spectroscopy

Priciple of N.M.R is based upon the spin of nuclei in an external magnetic field.In absence of magnetic field,the nuclear spins are oriented randomly.Once a strong magnetic field is applied they reorient their spins i.e aligned with the field or against the field.Orientation parellel to alignment of applied force is lower in energy.When nuclei are irradiated with RF radiation the lower energy nuclei flip to high state and nuclei said to be in resonance,hence the term nuclear magnetic resonance.

Atomic emission spectroscopy works by exciting atoms in a sample to higher energy levels using a flame or electrical discharge. When the atoms return to their ground state, they emit characteristic wavelengths of light. By analyzing the emitted light, the elemental composition of the sample can be determined.

Acceleration as a concept was not discovered by a single individual, but it was first formally described by Sir Isaac Newton in his laws of motion. Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

In a bonding molecular orbital, the potential energy decreases as the bond forms between two atomic orbitals, resulting in a stable, lower-energy state compared to the individual atomic orbitals. In an antibonding molecular orbital, the potential energy increases as the two atomic orbitals interact, leading to a higher-energy, less stable configuration due to destructive interference between the atomic orbitals.

The solutions manual for the book "Physics" by Halliday, Resnick, and Krane Fifth Edition Volume 2 is a valuable resource for students studying physics. It provides step-by-step solutions to the problems in the textbook, helping students to practice and understand the concepts better. You may be able to find this manual through online bookstores or by contacting the publisher directly.

The frequency of red light is lower than the frequency of violet light. This is because red light has a longer wavelength, which corresponds to a lower frequency. This difference in frequency is what causes red light to be more common than violet light in natural light sources.

Foam scatters light because of the irregular surfaces and structures of its bubbles, which cause light to bounce in different directions. When light encounters these surfaces, it is reflected and refracted in various directions, resulting in the appearance of scattered light. The small size of the bubbles in foam also contributes to the scattering of light waves.

Wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating wave of a given frequency. For light waves, this value is often given in nanometers, abbreviated as "nm". A nanometer is 0.000000001 meters.

When staring at a rainbow without blinking, your eyes become fatigued and desensitized to the colors, causing the rainbow to fade from view. Blinking helps refresh the visual receptors in your eyes, allowing you to see the rainbow more clearly.

Sweep, extent, scope, range, span, and orbit are all good synonyms for spectrum.

The maximum wavelength for cibacron Yellow FN2R dye is typically around 420-430 nm.

If you double the brightness of a light source, the intensity of the light also doubles, as intensity is directly proportional to brightness. Additionally, the amount of energy radiated by the light source and its illuminance at a given distance would also double.

The frequency of the radiation producing the most intense line in the cerium spectrum at 418.7nm can be calculated using the formula: frequency = speed of light / wavelength. Plugging in the values (speed of light = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s and wavelength = 418.7nm = 418.7 x 10^-9 m), we get a frequency of approximately 7.17 x 10^14 Hz.

Bulk ZnS morphology studies focus on larger scale structures of the material, such as crystal size and shape, while nano ZnS morphology studies focus on the nanoscale features, including size distribution, surface area, and the presence of defects and dislocations. Nano ZnS may exhibit different properties due to its smaller size and higher surface area compared to bulk ZnS.

A beam of light is a broad, focused stream of light, while a ray of light is a narrow, straight path that light travels in. The beam carries more energy and can illuminate a larger area, while a ray is a simplified representation of how light propagates in a specific direction.

The isosbestic point is the name of the point at which a system displays wavelength-independent pH and absorbance.

An atom in the ground state does not have any electrons excited to higher energy levels. Without these excited electrons transitioning back to lower energy levels, there is no emission of photons with specific wavelengths that correspond to emission lines.

I know that copper burns blue / green; so that would give you one color combination. So it would obviously depend on the level of different metals, sulfurs, etc in the make-up of the metal. There rarely is a 'pure' metal.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is highly sensitive and can detect even trace amounts of elements in a sample. It is a widely-used technique in various industries such as environmental monitoring, pharmaceuticals, and food testing due to its accuracy and precision. Additionally, it is a simple and relatively inexpensive method compared to other analytical techniques.

The principle of FTIR is based on the fact that bonds and groups of bonds vibrate at characteristic frequencies. A molecule that is exposed to infrared rays absorbs infrared energy at frequencies which are characteristic to that molecule. In a molecule, the differences of charges in the electric fields of its atoms produce the dipole moment of the molecule. Molecules with a dipole moment allow infrared photons to interact with the molecule causing excitation to higher vibrational states. Diatomic molecules do not have a dipole moment since the electric fields of their atoms are equal. During FTIR analysis, a spot on the specimen is subjected to a modulated IR beam. The specimen's transmittance and reflectance of the infrared rays at different frequencies is translated into an IR absorption plot consisting of reverse peaks. The resulting FTIR spectral pattern is then analyzed and matched with known signatures of identified materials in the FTIR library.

Sound waves are created by the vibrations of an object, which cause compressions (regions of high pressure) and rarefactions (regions of low pressure) in the surrounding medium, such as air. As the object vibrates, it pushes and pulls on the air molecules, creating alternating areas of high and low pressure that travel through the medium as sound waves.

In FT-IR, an interferometer is used to collect a spectrum. This interferometer has a source, a beam splitter, two mirrors, a laser, and a detector. One part of the beam is transmitted to a moving mirror and the other is reflected to a fixed mirror. In Dispersive-IR, there is also a source and mirrors, but the source energy is sent though a sample and a reference path, through a chopper to moderate energy that goes to the detector, and directed to a diffraction grating. The diffraction grating separates light into separate wavelengths and each wavelength is measured individually.

The densitometer uses a light bulb. When turned on the bulb emits light that passes thru a filter placed upon a spot of color. The current is known to light the bulb. When the densitometer is used the light is energized over a patch of color, the light passes thru the color to the base material and is reflected back thru the lense to a sensor that converts the light to eletrical current. The densitomiter measures the difference in current from the output of the light and the return and computes a value that becomes the density value