Thyroid

There most likely reason is that there is a mass involving the Thyroid gland in the neck. A very small percentage of nodules/masses are cancer; the best way to make the diagnosis is surgery since needle biopsies might miss the cancer and the [resulting] negative results give a false sense that everything is fine. By removing the entire nodule/mass for the pathology doctor to study, he can study the whole tissue sample and make sure there is no cancer. By far the majority of nodules/masses are benign... meaning no cancer...

Insufficient iodine in the diet causes thyroid hormone to be produced in less than optimal amounts. This sets the stage for hypothyrodism, and possibly even goiter (if the hypothyroidism is untreated for a significant period of time).

Everything. In children it can cause dwarfism (which causes more chronic problems) if it is not being produced by the pituitary gland. In adults it can lead to fatigue, increase fat production, decrease in muscle tissue, and thinning of bones. Decrease amounts of hormone from the pituitary gland also causes problems with other endocrine glands.

It would not be at all unlikely, but it's up to your vet to decide the diagnosis. It's complicated, because cats are more often than dogs to pick up all types of infections. It's wise to talk about this with the pro ... your vet.

I will answer assuming that you know how to train your voice already, because you said "back". A sore throat is like a temporary injury to an area of your body. If you were an athlete in training and you broke or sprained an ankle, you would let it heal without engaging in much, if any, physical activity using the ankle. Then you would probably test it out slowly but surely, little by little adding more activity and weight until it was back to where it needed to be. You basically do the same thing after a temporary injury to your voice. The plus side is that your throat heals MUCH faster than an ankle. Start out by doing some humming exercises and work up to full vocalises. Pay extra special attention to the feelings going on in your throat. You will feel some pressure and possible movement, but if anything becomes painful, stop and rest. Then start back up again. Take is slowly, increasing the amount of singing time each day over the course of a week and by the end of that week you'll probably be close to normal again. If you feel that the sore throat was something more serious like a strep. infection, make sure to see a doctor. Also, if you feel that some permanent damage may have been done, you will likely want to find an Ear, Nose and Throat doctor who treats other singers.

Symptoms of a low thyroid gland are increased weight gain and difficulty in maintaining a healthy weight. A person with this problem may feel sluggish and require medication.

The American Thyroid Association says thyroglobulin (Tg) is a protein produced by normal thyroid cells and also thyroid cancer cells. This test is most often used for patients who have had surgery for thyroid cancer because it helps monitor them after treatment.

ovaries and the parathyroid

The hypothalmus is connected to the pituitary by the hypophyseal portal system. This is a network of capillary beds that allows the hypothalmus to control the release of hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary
The two pituitary lobes are the dual origin of the hypothalmus. The posterior pituitary lobe is part of the brain and is a "downgrowth" of hypothalmic tissue and maintains a neural connection with the hypothalmus through a nerve bundle called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract. This arises from neurons of the hypothalmus. These cells synthesize two neurohormones and transport them along their axons to the posterior pituitary. Then these neurons "fire" they release the stored hormones into a capillary bed in the posterioir pituitary for distribution throughout the body.
The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by both blood vessels and neural tissue. The posterior pituitary is actually part of the brain and receives input from the hypothalamus via neural connections. The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus when the latter releases tropic hormones (hormones that control release of other hormones) into the blood portal. The hormones diffuse through the blood and act on the anterior pituitary gland, initiated the release of subsequent hormones.
The hypothalamus controls both the anterior and posterior pituitary functioning with neurosecretions that either release or inhibit hormones. These secretions are produced in the ventral hypothalamus

Yes, a hypOthyroid condition can change into a hypERthyroid condition, especially if there are antibodies involved. Graves' antibodies can both stimulate and block the thyroid. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is known to cause periods of thyroid hormone dumping and even thyrotoxicosis.

Yes

You will need treatment for cancer.

Hypothyroidism is usually treated by taking daily thyroid medication. The most common thyroid medication is called levothyroxine. This thyroid medication comes in 12 different strengths and it is prescribed by a physician.

There are 7 different types of cartlidge.

Lack of Iodine can lead to hypothyroidism.
This can be a problem in developing countries.
In most developed countries however, iodine is added as supplement to i.e. table-salt.

The thyroid hormone known as T4 (aka: tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) is produced in the greatest quantity. It is the pre-cursor to T3 and as such needs to be produced in greater quantities so it can be converted to its more potent form (T3) by enzymes called deiodinases.

I have had a terrible experience. A wrong site surgery error occured and the wrong gland was removed. In addition, it has been 5 1/2 weeks and I am still draining and have a lot of pain. The pain just isn't at the surgical site but in the entire preineal area. I have a new doctor and he believes that b/c the type of suture that was used takes 6 weeks to disolve that my body is reacting to the suture like it is a foreign object ie swelling and pain. The original doctor told me I could be back to work in 4-7 days and resume intercourse in 2 weeks. All this for the wrong gland.

I'd be willing to bet you are doing a case study for a biology class

It is called goiter in medical term. It is due to less intake of iodine in the diet.

Iodine-131

Acetone odor of the breath is technically a "sign," not a "symptom." Acetone in the breath occurs as the body rids itself of excess acetone through the lungs. This is a characteristic sign of ketosis and ketoacidosis- metabolic problems which may occur in diabetes. Ketosis results from large scale conversion of fats into fatty acids and ketone bodies when glucose metabolism is impaired (either by diet or disease). Ketoacidosis results when ketosis is accompanied by a drop in the pH of the blood, and is a potentially life-threatening condition.

Assuming that this is the result of a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test, a 1.9 means that you are within the normal range. While a normal TSH varies from person to person, the range that is typically followed by doctors is .3 to 4.5. A .3 is on the hyperthyroid (overactive thyroid) end and a 4.5 is on the hypothyroid (under active thyroid) end of the spectrum. Talk with your doctor if you have any questions or concerns as it relates to your thyroid condition and symptoms.

According to Frank Barnhill, M.D., author of Mistaken for ADHD, thyroid and 50 other conditions can be mistaken for ADHD.

An underactive thyroid or overactive thyroid can have symptoms like inattentiveness, poor memory or sleepiness, also symptoms of ADHD.

yes