TLC (thin-layer chromatography) is quicker, more reproducible, and allows for multiple samples to be analyzed simultaneously compared to paper chromatography. It also offers better separations due to the uniformity of the stationary phase and the ability to visualize compounds under UV light without needing to stain the plate.

Filter paper is used in chromatography because it is porous and allows the solvent to travel through it by capillary action. This helps separate the components of a mixture based on their solubility and affinity for the stationary phase. The filter paper also provides a large surface area for the separation to occur effectively.

The partition chromatography involves separation between liquids while adsoption chromatography involves solid and liquid separations. Answer: Partition Chromatography is a liquid liquid extraction which involves two solvents while adsorption chromatography is a liquid solid extraction which involves a solid stationary phase & a liquid mobile phase.

EX:Login page In login page you have to give values for user name, password and then click on ok button to login and cancel button to close the login window user name:Alphanumerics with 4-16characters long password:lowercase letters with 4-8 chars long OK :Next window CANCEL :Close the window Prepare Test Scenarios Test Scenario Template --------------------------- Test scenario1:Verify user name value Test Scenario2:verify pass word value Test Scenario3:verify OK button operation to login Test Scenario4:verify cancel button operation to close the window Ts1:Verify user name value a)Boundary value analysis (on Size) min=4characters maximum=16 characters more than max or less than min are not allowed b)Equivalence class partitions(on type) A-Z or a-z or 0-9 are valid types to be entered special symbols or blank fields are in valid Test Scenario2:verify pass word value SAME AS USER NAME Test Scenario3:verify OK button operation to login Decision table user name ------pass word-----expected outcome after click on "OK" valid valid next window valid invalid error message invalid valid error message blank value error message value blank error message Test Scenario4:verify cancel button operation to close the Decision table user name ------pass word-----expected outcome blank blank close the window value blank close the window blank value close the window value value close the window Like the above example we will write test scenarios for all the Functional Specifications.

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Any of the elements in column 18 of the Periodic Table, plus gasses made form some compounds (eg CO2) and some nonreactive gases such as Nitrogen could be considered as inert.

If the developing chamber is left uncovered during paper chromatography, the solvent will evaporate faster, leading to a higher concentration of the mobile phase at the starting line. This can result in shorter migration distances for the cations, leading to lower Rf values compared to when the chamber is covered and the conditions are more controlled.

Chromatography paper can be purchased from scientific supply companies, specialty chromatography suppliers, or online retailers that sell laboratory supplies. Popular options include sites like Amazon, Sigma-Aldrich, and VWR International.

In column chromatography, the separation of enzymes is achieved based on their differences in adsorption and solubility properties. The enzyme mixture is loaded onto the column, and as it passes through the stationary phase, enzymes with different affinities for the stationary phase are separated. By adjusting the composition of the mobile phase (eluent), different enzymes can be eluted at different times, allowing for their isolation and purification.

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC) are commonly used to separate lipids based on their chemical properties such as polarity and volatility. TLC separates lipids based on their partitioning between a stationary phase and a mobile phase, while GC separates lipids based on their boiling points and vapor pressures in a gas phase.

TLC has following advantages over paper chromatography: greater speed greater sensitivity for many substances than paper Small sample requirement Usually sharper preparation Different kind of reagents can be applied without damaging the plate

To find the Rf values of green tea components, you would need to perform chromatography using a suitable solvent system, such as a mixture of polar and non-polar solvents. The Rf value represents the ratio of the distance a compound traveled on the chromatography plate to the distance the solvent front traveled. It is a relative measure of a compound's affinity for the stationary phase compared to the mobile phase, and can be used to identify and quantify compounds in a mixture.

Chromatography is useful because it allows for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures, such as inks, drugs, or food components, based on their different properties like size, charge, or affinity. This technique is widely used in various fields like chemistry, biochemistry, forensics, and environmental science for identifying and quantifying components in a sample.

They are used in many scientific studies to identify unknown organic and inorganic compounds. They are also used in crime scene investigation, DNA and RNA sequencing, among others. Essentially, any solution can be separated through some form of chromatography.

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures. It involves a stationary phase on a thin layer plate and a mobile phase that moves through the plate by capillary action. Compounds in the mixture separate based on their affinity for the stationary and mobile phases, producing distinct spots on the plate.

Chromatography is important because it allows for the separation, identification, and purification of different components in a mixture by exploiting their different affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase. This technique is widely used in various fields such as chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, and environmental science for analyzing complex mixtures and determining the presence and quantity of specific compounds.

Reverse-phase chromatography is so named because it involves a non-polar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase, which is the reverse of what is typically used in normal-phase chromatography. In reverse-phase chromatography, the sample molecules with lower polarity interact more strongly with the non-polar stationary phase, resulting in separation based on differences in hydrophobicity.

Gas chromatography data is typically read by analyzing the peaks on the chromatogram, which represent different compounds in the sample. Each peak's retention time, peak height, and peak area can provide information about the compound's identity, quantity, and purity. Comparing these values to known standards or databases can help in interpreting the results.

Some advantages of thin layer chromatography (TLC) include its speed, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. It requires minimal sample preparation, provides quick results, and is suitable for analyzing multiple samples simultaneously. Additionally, TLC is well-suited for qualitative analysis and is a versatile technique used in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, and environmental monitoring.

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is a type of size exclusion chromatography that separates molecules based on their size. In GPC, a sample is dissolved in a mobile phase and passed through a column filled with porous beads. Smaller molecules enter the pores and take longer to elute, while larger molecules pass through more quickly. The molecules are detected as they elute from the column, typically using a UV or refractive index detector.

Rf value, or retention factor, is a measure used in chromatography to quantify the separation of components in a mixture. It is calculated by measuring the distance a compound travels up the chromatography plate relative to the distance the solvent front travels. Rf value is specific to the solvent system and chromatography conditions used.

Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify individual components within a mixture. It is commonly used in science, forensics, and biochemistry to analyze substances such as drugs, proteins, and pollutants. By exploiting differences in the way different substances interact with a stationary phase and a mobile phase, chromatography allows for precise separation and analysis of complex mixtures.

The Rf value cannot be determined since the distance of the solvent may overlay in the paper.

Gas chromatography (GC) provides data on the chemical composition of a sample. It separates and analyzes the individual components of a mixture based on their physical and chemical properties. The data provided by GC includes:

1. Retention time: The time it takes for a compound to travel through the GC column and reach the detector. This can be used to identify the compound.

2. Peak area: The area under the peak on the chromatogram represents the amount of the compound present in the sample.

3. Peak height: The height of the peak on the chromatogram represents the concentration of the compound in the sample.

4. Mass spectrum: GC can be coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to provide additional data on the molecular weight and structure of the compounds in the sample.

5. Identification: GC can be used to identify individual compounds in a mixture based on their retention time and mass spectrum. This information can be compared to a database of known compounds to identify the unknown compounds in the sample.

Gas-liquid chromatography is also called vapor-phase chromatography because it involves the separation of components of a sample based on their volatility in the vapor phase. In this technique, a gas (typically an inert carrier gas) is used to carry the sample through a liquid stationary phase, where separation occurs based on differences in partitioning between the gas and liquid phases. By using a volatile mobile phase, gas-liquid chromatography allows for the analysis of compounds with relatively low boiling points.

Butanol is used as a solvent in paper chromatography because it can dissolve a wide range of compounds. It helps to carry the sample and allow it to migrate up the paper. Butanol also helps in separating the components of the sample by interacting differently with different compounds.