Middle East

Middle Eastern nations slowed oil production in 1970 primarily to assert greater control over their oil resources and to increase oil prices. This was a response to the growing influence of Western oil companies and the desire for more substantial economic benefits from their natural resources. The decision was also influenced by geopolitical tensions and the need to strengthen national economies in the face of foreign exploitation. Ultimately, this move laid the groundwork for the 1973 oil crisis, during which OPEC used production cuts as a political tool.

Judaism significantly influenced the ancient Middle East by introducing monotheism, which reshaped religious beliefs and practices, promoting ethical conduct and social justice among its followers. Its texts, particularly the Hebrew Bible, laid the foundation for Western religious thought and legal systems. In the modern world, Judaism continues to impact global culture and ethics, particularly through its contributions to Christianity and Islam, and its emphasis on human rights and social responsibility resonates in contemporary discussions on justice and morality. Additionally, the Jewish diaspora has enriched various societies, fostering cultural exchange and intellectual advancements.

An autocratic government in the Middle East is a political system where power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group, often characterized by limited political freedoms and a lack of democratic processes. These regimes frequently suppress dissent, control the media, and restrict civil liberties to maintain their authority. Autocratic governments in the region may be justified by leaders as necessary for stability or security, but they often face criticism for human rights abuses and lack of public participation in governance. Examples include countries like Saudi Arabia and Syria, where ruling authorities exercise significant control over political life.

The U.S. maintains an active role in the Middle East primarily for strategic geopolitical interests, including ensuring the stability of key allies like Israel and Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the region's vast oil reserves are crucial for global energy security, influencing U.S. economic interests. Lastly, combating terrorism and extremist groups is a significant concern, prompting U.S. involvement to promote regional stability and security.

Sheikh Mubarak Mohd Al Sabah was a prominent figure in Kuwait's history, serving as the country's ruler from 1896 until his death in 1915. He was known for his efforts to modernize Kuwait and strengthen its political and economic ties, particularly with Britain, during a time when the region faced external pressures. His leadership helped to lay the foundations for Kuwait's future development and stability. Sheikh Mubarak is often remembered for his significant role in shaping Kuwait's early 20th-century identity.

During the Cold War, the Middle East experienced several significant conflicts influenced by superpower rivalry. The Arab-Israeli War of 1948 marked the beginning of ongoing tensions, with the U.S. supporting Israel and the Soviet Union backing Arab states. The Suez Crisis in 1956 further highlighted Cold War dynamics as Egypt, supported by the USSR, nationalized the Suez Canal, leading to military intervention by Britain, France, and Israel. Additionally, the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) saw the U.S. and the USSR backing opposing sides, exacerbating regional instability.

The proper geographic term for the Middle East is often referred to as the "Eastern Mediterranean" region, though it can also be called "Southwest Asia." This area typically encompasses countries in Western Asia and parts of North Africa, including nations like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Israel, and Egypt. The term "Middle East" itself is a Eurocentric designation that may not accurately reflect the diverse cultural and geographical aspects of the region.

The middle part of the U.S. Constitution primarily refers to the Articles, which outline the structure and powers of the government. There are seven articles, detailing the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches, as well as the relationships between states and the process for amending the Constitution. The Articles establish the framework for governance, including the powers granted to federal and state authorities. The Bill of Rights, consisting of the first ten amendments, follows these articles and guarantees individual liberties.

The middle part of a play is called the "rising action." This section follows the exposition and sets up the main conflict, developing the story through various complications and challenges faced by the characters. It builds tension and engages the audience, leading to the climax, where the main conflict reaches its peak.

During the Middle Ages, the Viking influence was least felt in southern regions of Europe, particularly in areas like the Mediterranean and parts of southern Italy. The Vikings primarily focused their raids and settlements in northern and western Europe, including the British Isles, Scandinavia, and parts of the Frankish Empire. The geographical and cultural barriers of the Mediterranean limited their impact in these southern areas. Additionally, established empires and city-states in the Mediterranean were less vulnerable to Viking incursions compared to the more fragmented societies in the north.

In the future, water may become more valuable than oil in the Middle East due to increasing scarcity and demand driven by population growth, climate change, and agricultural needs. As freshwater resources dwindle and droughts become more frequent, nations may face severe conflicts and challenges over access to clean water. This shift could transform water management technologies and policies into critical strategic assets in the region.

Jordan is a Middle Eastern country that has no significant oil reserves. While it does have some mineral resources, such as phosphates and potash, it relies heavily on imports for its energy needs. This lack of oil resources has influenced its economic strategies and energy policies, prompting efforts to diversify its energy sources, including investments in renewable energy.

Approximately 10-15% of the land in the Middle East is considered suitable for farming, primarily due to the region's arid climate and limited water resources. Fertile areas, such as river valleys and oases, provide some agricultural opportunities, but overall agricultural productivity is constrained. Efforts to enhance irrigation and adopt modern farming techniques are ongoing to optimize the usage of available arable land.

Life in the Near East today is characterized by a blend of traditional practices and modern influences, reflecting its rich cultural heritage and ongoing socio-economic challenges. Many people maintain deep-rooted customs, such as family-oriented values and community gatherings, while also engaging with global trends through technology and urbanization. Political instability and economic disparities can impact daily life, leading to varying levels of access to resources and opportunities across the region. Overall, the interplay of tradition and modernity shapes the diverse experiences of individuals living in the Near East today.

Man is drilling into the Earth to extract oil primarily because it is a vital energy resource that powers transportation, industry, and electricity generation. The demand for oil stems from its role in fueling modern economies and maintaining a high standard of living. However, this extraction often raises environmental concerns, including pollution and climate change, as fossil fuels contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the pursuit of oil reflects a complex interplay between energy needs, economic interests, and environmental impacts.

There were three cities of refuge on the east side of the Jordan River. These cities, designated for those who committed unintentional manslaughter, were Golan in Bashan, Ramoth in Gilead, and Bezer in the wilderness. They provided safe haven for individuals seeking protection from avengers until their cases could be fairly judged.

The Crusades, which occurred from the 11th to 13th centuries, have had a lasting impact on the Middle East by deepening religious divides and shaping perceptions between Christians and Muslims. The historical conflicts contributed to a legacy of mistrust and animosity that can still influence contemporary geopolitical tensions and sectarian conflicts in the region. Additionally, the Crusades sparked cultural exchanges that would eventually lead to significant developments in trade, science, and philosophy, aspects of which continue to resonate in today's Middle Eastern societies. Overall, the repercussions of the Crusades can be seen in both historical narratives and modern political dynamics.

Religion profoundly impacts the Middle East by shaping cultural identities, political dynamics, and social structures. The region is the birthplace of major religions, including Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, which influence laws, customs, and community relations. Sectarian divisions, particularly between Sunni and Shia Muslims, often lead to conflicts and geopolitical tensions. Additionally, religious beliefs can drive social movements and impact governance, affecting everything from education to women's rights.

In many Middle Eastern cultures, girls cover their hair and face for a variety of reasons, including religious beliefs, cultural traditions, and personal choice. For many Muslim women, wearing a hijab or other forms of head coverings is seen as a practice of modesty and obedience to Islamic teachings. Additionally, it can be a symbol of identity and empowerment, reflecting cultural heritage. The significance and practice of covering can vary widely among individuals and communities, influenced by social, political, and personal factors.

Mujibur Rahman was known as "Bangabandhu," which means "Friend of Bengal," due to his pivotal role in advocating for the rights of Bengalis in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). His leadership during the struggle for autonomy and independence, particularly his historic 1970 speech calling for self-determination, endeared him to the people. He became the founding leader of Bangladesh and is celebrated for his contributions to the nation's liberation, earning him this honorary title. His legacy as a champion of Bengali identity and rights solidified his status as a beloved figure in Bangladesh's history.

The lowest elevation on Earth in the Asia and Middle East region is the Dead Sea, which lies at approximately 430 meters (1,411 feet) below sea level. It is situated between Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west. The Dead Sea is renowned for its high salinity, making it a unique ecosystem and a popular destination for wellness tourism.

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Many Christians have left the Holy Land and the Middle East due to ongoing political instability, conflict, and persecution in the region. Economic challenges and limited opportunities have also contributed to their migration. As a result, the Christian population has significantly declined in countries like Iraq, Syria, and Palestine, leading to concerns about the future of Christianity in its historical homeland.

The two most practiced religions in the Middle East are Islam and Christianity. Islam, which includes the major sects of Sunni and Shia, is the dominant faith in the region. Christianity, while a minority religion, has deep historical roots in the Middle East, particularly in countries like Lebanon, Egypt, and Iraq. Both religions significantly influence the culture, politics, and social structures of the region.

Cities in Europe during the medieval and early modern periods were often characterized by a focus on trade and commerce, leading to the development of guilds and market economies. In contrast, cities in China were typically more centralized, with a strong emphasis on bureaucratic governance and Confucian ideals, which influenced urban planning and social organization. Middle Eastern cities, often at crossroads of trade routes, exhibited a rich blend of cultural influences and advancements in science and architecture, reflecting their historical significance as centers of learning and commerce. Overall, while European cities leaned towards mercantilism and individualism, those in China and the Middle East were more influenced by centralized governance and cultural exchanges.