radiation

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1. The act or process of radiating: the radiation of heat and light from a fire.
2. Physics.
   1. Emission and propagation and emission of energy in the form of rays or waves.
   2. Energy radiated or transmitted as rays, waves, in the form of particles.
   3. A stream of particles or electromagnetic waves emitted by the atoms and molecules of a radioactive substance as a result of nuclear decay.
3. 1. The act of exposing or the condition of being exposed to such energy.
   2. The application of such energy, as in medical treatment.
4. Anatomy. Radial arrangement of parts, as of a group of nerve fibers connecting different areas of the brain.
5. 1. The spread of a group of organisms into new habitats.
   2. Adaptive radiation.

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Definition

Radiation and radioisotopes are extensively used medications to allow physicians to image internal structures and processes in vivo (in the living body) with a minimum of invasion to the patient. Higher doses of radiation are also used as means to kill cancerous cells.

Radiation is actually a term that includes a variety of different physical phenomena. However, in essence, all these phenomena can be divided into two classes: phenomena connected with nuclear radioactive processes are one class, the so-called radioactive radiation (RR); electromagnetic radiation (EMR) may be considered as the second class.

Both classes of radiation are used in diagnoses and treatment of neurological disorders.

Description

There are three kinds of radiation useful to medical personnel: alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Alpha radiation is a flow of alpha particles, beta radiation is a flow of electrons, and gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation.

Radioisotopes, containing unstable combinations of protons and neutrons, are created by neutron activation. This involves the capture of a neutron by the nucleus of an atom, resulting in an excess of neutrons (neutron rich). Proton-rich radioisotopes are manufactured in cyclotrons. During radioactive decay, the nucleus of a radioisotope seeks energetic stability by emitting particles (alpha, beta, or positron) and photons (including gamma rays).

Radiation—produced by radioisotopes—allows accurate imaging of internal organs and structures. Radioactive tracers are formed from the bonding of short-lived radioisotopes with chemical compounds that, when in the body, allow the targeting of specific body regions or physiologic processes. Emitted gamma rays (photons) can be detected by gamma cameras and computer enhancement of the resulting images and allows quick and relatively noninvasive (compared to surgery) assessments of trauma or physiological impairments.

Because the density of tissues is unequal, x rays (a high frequency and energetic form of electromagnetic radiation) pass through tissues in an unequal manner. The beam passed through the body layer is recorded on special film to produce an image of internal structures. However, conventional x rays produce only a two-dimensional picture of the body structure under investigation.

Tomography (from the Greek tomos, meaning "to slice") is a method developed to allow the detailed construction of images of the target object. Initially using the x rays to scan layers of the area in question, with computer assisted tomography a computer then analyzes data of all layers to construct a 3D image of the object.

Computed tomography (also known as CT, CT scan) and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans use x rays to produce images of anatomical structures.

Single proton (or photon) emission computed tomography (SPECT) produces three-dimensional images of an organ or body system. SPECT detects the presence and course of a radioactive substance that is injected, ingested, or inhaled. In neurology, a SPECT scan can allow physicians to examine and observe the cerebral circulation. SPECT produces images of the target region by detecting the presence and location of a radioactive isotope. The photon emissions of the radioactive compound containing the isotope can be detected in a manner that is similar to the detection of x rays in computed tomography (CT). At the end of the SPECT scan, the stored information can be integrated to produce a computer-generated composite image.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans utilize isotopes produced in a cyclotron. Positron-emitting radionuclides are injected and allowed to accumulate in the target tissue or organ. As the radionuclide decays, it emits a positron that collides with nearby electrons to result in the emission of two identifiable gamma photons. PET scans use rings of detectors that surround the patient to track the movements and concentrations of radioactive tracers. PET scans have attracted the interest of physicians because of their potential use in research into metabolic changes associated with mental diseases such as schizophrenia and depression. PET scans are used in the diagnosis and characterizations of certain cancers and heart disease, as well as clinical studies of the brain. PET uses radio-labeled tracers, including deoxyglucose, which is chemically similar to glucose and is used to assess metabolic rate in tissues and to image tumors, and dopa, within the brain.

Electromagnetic radiation

In contrast to imaging produced through the emission and collection of nuclear radiation (e.g., x rays, CT scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners rely on the emission and detection of electromagnetic radiation.

Electromagnetic radiation results from oscillations of components of electric and magnetic fields. In the simplest cases, these oscillations occur with definite frequency (the unit of frequency measurement is 1 Hertz (Hz), which is one oscillation per second). Arising in some point (under the action of the radiation source), electromagnetic radiation travels with the velocity that is equal to the velocity of the light, and this velocity is equal for all frequencies. Another quantity, wavelength, is often used for the description of electromagnetic radiation (this quantity is similar to the distance between two neighbor crests of waves spreading on a water surface, which appear after dropping a stone on the surface). Because the product of the wavelength and frequency must equal the velocity of light, the greater the wave frequency, the less its wavelength.

MRI scanners rely on the principles of atomic nuclear-spin resonance. Using strong magnetic fields and radio waves, MRIs collect and correlate deflections caused by atoms into images. MRIs allow physicians to see internal structures with great detail and also allow earlier and more accurate diagnosis of disorders.

MRI technology was developed from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology. Groups of nuclei brought into resonance, that is, nuclei absorbing and emitting photons of similar electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves, make subtle yet distinguishable changes when the resonance is forced to change by altering the energy of impacting photons. The speed and extent of the resonance changes permit a non-destructive (because of the use of low-energy photons) determination of anatomical structures.

MRI images do not utilize potentially harmful ionizing radiation generated by three-dimensional x-ray CT scans, but rely on the atomic properties (nuclear resonance) of protons in tissues when they are scanned with radio frequency radiation. The protons in the tissues, which resonate at slightly different frequencies, produce a signal that a computer uses to tell one tissue from another. MRI provides detailed three-dimensional soft tissue images.

These methods are used successfully for brain investigations.

Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)

Radiotherapy requires the use of radioisotopes and higher doses of radiation that are used diagnostically to treat some cancers (including brain cancer) and other medical conditions that require destruction of harmful cells.

Radiation therapy is delivered via external radiation or via internal radiation therapy (the implantation/injection of radioactive substances).

Cancer, tumors, and other rapidly dividing cells are usually sensitive to damage by radiation. The goal of radiation therapy is to deliver the minimally sufficient dosage to kill cancerous cells or to keep them from dividing. Cancer cells divide and grow at rates more rapid than normal cells and so are particularly susceptible to radiation. Accordingly, some cancerous growths can be restricted or eliminated by radioisotope irradiation. The most common forms of external radiation therapy use gamma and x rays. During the last half of the twentieth century, the radioisotope cobalt-60 was the frequently used source of radiation used in such treatments. More modern methods of irradiation include the production of x rays from linear accelerators.

Iodine-131, phosphorus-32 are commonly used in radiotherapy. More radical uses of radioisotopes include the use of boron-10 to specifically attack tumor cells. Boron-10 concentrates in tumor cells and is then subjected to neutron beams that result in highly energetic alpha particles that are lethal to the tumor tissue.

Precautions

Radiation therapy is not without risk to healthy tissue and to persons on the health care team, and precautions (shielding and limiting exposure) are taken to minimize exposure to other areas of the patient's body and to personnel on the treatment team.

Therapeutic radiologists, radiation oncologists, and a number of technical specialists use radiation and other methods to treat patients who have cancer or other tumors.

Care is taken in the selection of the appropriate radioactive isotope. Ideally, the radioactive compound loses its radioactive potency rapidly (this is expressed as the half-life of a compound). For example, gamma-emitting compounds used in SPECT scans can have a half-life of just a few hours. This is beneficial for the patients, as it limits the contact time with the potentially damaging radioisotope.

The selection of radioisotopes for medical use is governed by several important considerations involving dosage and half-life. Radioisotopes must be administered in sufficient dosages so that emitted radiation is present in sufficient quantity to be measured. Ideally the radioisotope has a short enough half-life that, at the delivered dosage, there is insignificant residual radiation following the desired length of exposure.

New areas of radiation therapy that may prove more effective in treating brain tumors (and other forms of cancers) include three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (a process where multiple beans are shaped to match the contour of the tumor) and stereotactic radiosurgery (used to irradiate certain brain tumors and obstructions of the cerebral circulation). Gamma knives use focused beams (with the patient often wearing a special helmet to help focus the beams), while cyberknifes use hundreds of precise pinpoint beams emanating from a source of irradiation that moves around the patient's head.

Resources

BOOKS

Saha, Gopal B. Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999.

WEBSITES

Society of Nuclear Medicine. "What Is Nuclear Medicine?" May 12, 2004 (May 27, 2004). http://www.snm.org/nuclear/index.html.

Alexander Ioffe

The emission and propagation of energy; also, the emitted energy itself. The etymology of the word implies that the energy propagates rectilinearly, and in a limited sense, this holds for the many different types of radiation encountered.

The major types of radiation may be described as electromagnetic, acoustic, and particle, and within these major divisions there are many subdivisions. Electromagnetic radiation is classified roughly in order of decreasing wavelength as radio, microwave, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, and γ-rays. Acoustic or sound radiation may be classified by frequency as infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic in order of increasing frequency, with sonic being between about 16 and 20,000 Hz. The traditional examples of particle radiation are the α‐ and β-rays of radioactivity. See also Electromagnetic radiation; Radioactivity; Sound.

1. the process of emitting radiant energy in the form of waves or particles. n 2. the combined processes of emission, transmission, and absorption of radiant energy.

Radiation. (Bird/Robinson, 2002)

ܖrādēˈā˜ǝn n. 1. the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization.

2. the energy transmitted in this way: background radiation | the radiation dose.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

Energy travelling in the form of electromagnetic waves. These may be X-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infra-red, microwaves, or radio waves.

The transmission of heat through space by means of electromagnetic waves; the heat energy passes through the air between the source and the heated body without heating the intervening air appreciably.

The emission or transfer of radiant energy (e.g. heat) as rays, electromagnetic waves, or particles. At rest, radiation is the main method of dissipating body heat. A nude body loses about 60% of its excess heat by radiation.

Energy sent out in the form of particles or waves. (See alpha radiation, beta radiation, blackbody, cosmic rays, electromagnetic radiation, fluorescence, gamma radiation, photon, and quanta.)

1. divergence from a common center.
2. a structure made up of diverging elements, especially a tract of the central nervous system made up of diverging fibers.
3. energy carried by waves or a stream of particles. One type is electromagnetic radiation, which consists of wave motion of electric and magnetic fields. The quantum theory is based on the fact that electromagnetic waves consist of discrete particles, called photons, that have an energy inversely proportional to the wavelength of the wave. In order of increasing photon energy and decreasing wavelength, the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into radio waves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light and x-rays.
Another type is the radiation emitted by radioactive materials. Alpha particles are high-energy helium-4 nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons, which are emitted by radioisotopes of heavy elements, such as uranium. Beta particles are high-energy electrons, which are emitted by radioisotopes of lighter elements. Gamma rays are high-energy photons, which are emitted along with alpha and beta particles and are also emitted alone by metastable radionuclides, such as technetium-99m. Gamma rays have energies in the x-ray region of the spectrum and differ from x-rays only in that they are produced by radioactive decay rather than by x-ray machines.
Radiation with enough energy to knock electrons out of atoms and produce ions is called ionizing radiation. This includes alpha and beta particles and x-rays and gamma rays.

• r. biology — study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues.
• corpuscular r. — particles emitted in nuclear disintegration, including alpha and beta particles, protons, neutrons, positrons and deuterons.
• r. detection — special equipment, including Geiger–Müller tubes and a scintillation crystal, is available to detect radiation which may be accidental, or detect small amounts where this is expected but it needs to be measured in terms of accumulated dose.
• electromagnetic r. — energy, unassociated with matter, that is transmitted through space by means of waves (electromagnetic waves) traveling in all instances at 3 × 10¹⁰ cm or 186,284 miles per second, but ranging in length from 10¹¹ cm (electrical waves) to 10⁻¹² cm (cosmic rays) and including radio waves, infrared, visible light and ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays.
• r. exposure — means more than the patient being exposed intentionally to an x-ray beam. Technical persons in the vicinity will also be exposed to a much less dangerous but perniciously cumulative load of radiation.
• infrared r. — the portion of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths ranging between 0.75 and 1000 μm. See also infrared.
• r. injury — is caused by exposure to radioactive material. High doses cause intense diarrhea and dehydration and extensive skin necrosis. Median doses cause initial anorexia, lethargy and vomiting then normality for several weeks followed by vomiting, nasal discharge, dysentery, recumbency, septicemia and a profound pancytopenia. Death is the most common outcome. Chronic doses cause cataract in a few. Congenital defects occur rarely.
• interstitial r. — energy emitted by radium or radon inserted directly into the tissue.
• ionizing r. — corpuscular or electromagnetic radiation that is capable of producing ions, directly or indirectly, in its passage through matter. Used in treatment of radiosensitive cancer, in sterilization of animal products and food for experimental use.
• r. necrosis — see radionecrosis.
• r. physicist — the person responsible for the administration of radiation therapy including estimating the dose required for a treatment, arranging for the dose to be delivered and making arrangements for safety of the patient and staff, and disposing of any residual radioactive material. Technical aspects of the work include computer estimations, preparation of isodose curves, preparation of wedge and compensating filters, and calibration of teletherapy equipment.
• primary r. — radiation emanating from the x-ray tube which is absorbed by the subject or passes on through the subject without any change in photon energy.
• r. protection — includes proper control of emissions from the x-ray machines, proper protective clothing for staff, keeping unnecessary people out of the way while the tube is actually generating its beam, the wearing and regular examination of a dosimeter and the proper storage of radioactive materials or residues.
• pyramidal r. — fibers extending from the pyramidal tract to the cortex.
• r. sensitivity — tissues vary in their sensitivity to the damaging effects of irradiation. The rapidly growing tissues are most susceptible, e.g. the embryo, rapidly growing cancer, gonads, alimentary tract, skin and blood-forming organs.
• r. sickness — see radiation injury (above).
• solar r. — see solar.
• r. striothalamica — a fiber system joining the thalamus and the hypothalamic region.
• tegmental r. — fibers radiating laterally from the nucleus ruber.
• thalamic r. — fibers streaming out through the lateral surface of the thalamus, through the internal capsule to the cerebral cortex.
• r. therapist — a person skilled in radiotherapy. See also radiation therapy (below).
• r. therapy — see radiotherapy.
• ultraviolet r. — the portion of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths ranging between 0.39 and 0.18 μm. See also ultraviolet rays.

This figure illustrates the relative abilities of three different types of ionizing radiation to penetrate solid matter.

For other uses, see Radiation (disambiguation).

In physics, radiation describes any process in which energy emitted by one body travels through a medium or through space, ultimately to be absorbed by another body. Non-physicists often associate the word with ionizing radiation (e.g., as occurring in nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors, and radioactive substances), but it can also refer to electromagnetic radiation (i.e., radio waves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, and X-rays) which can also be ionizing radiation, to acoustic radiation, or to other more obscure processes. What makes it radiation is that the energy radiates (i.e., it travels outward in straight lines in all directions) from the source. This geometry naturally leads to a system of measurements and physical units that are equally applicable to all types of radiation. Some radiations can be hazardous.

Contents 1 Ionizing radiation 1.1 Alpha radiation 1.2 Beta(+/-) radiation 1.3 Gamma radiation 2 Non-ionizing radiation 2.1 Neutron radiation 2.2 Electromagnetic radiation 2.3 Light 2.4 Thermal radiation 2.5 Black-body radiation 3 Discovery 4 The electromagnetic spectrum 5 See also 6 External links 7 References

Ionizing radiation

Some types of radiation have enough energy to ionize particles. Generally, this involves an electron being 'knocked out' of an atom's electron shells, which will give it a (positive) charge. This is often disruptive in biological systems, and can cause mutations and cancer.

These types of radiation generally occur in radioactive decay.

Alpha radiation

Main article: Alpha decay

Alpha (α) decay is a method of decay in large nuclei. An alpha particle (helium nucleus, He²⁺), consisting of 2 neutrons and 2 protons, is emitted. Because of the particle's relatively high charge, it is heavily ionizing and will cause severe damage if ingested. However, due to the high mass of the particle, it has little energy and a low range; typically alpha particles can be stopped with a sheet of paper (or skin).

Beta(+/-) radiation

Main article: Beta decay

Beta-minus (β-) radiation consists of an energetic electron. It is less ionizing than alpha radiation, but more than gamma. The electrons can often be stopped with a few centimeters of metal. It occurs when a neutron decays into a proton in a nucleus, releasing the beta particle and an antineutrino.

Beta-plus (β+) radiation is the emission of positrons. Because these are antimatter particles, they annihilate any matter nearby, releasing gamma photons. Therefore, they pose no direct risk, although the gamma photons released do.

Gamma radiation

Main article: Gamma ray

Gamma (γ) radiation consists of photons with a frequency of greater than 10¹⁹ Hz^[1]. Gamma radiation occurs to rid the decaying nucleus of excess energy after it has emitted either alpha or beta radiation.

Non-ionizing radiation

Main article: Non-ionizing radiation

Non-ionizing (or non-ionising) radiation, by contrast, refers to any type of radiation that does not carry enough energy per photon to ionize atoms or molecules. Most especially, it refers to the lower energy forms of electromagnetic radiation (i.e., radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared light, and visible light). The effects of these forms of radiation on living tissue have only recently been studied. Instead of producing charged ions when passing through matter, the electromagnetic radiation has sufficient energy only for excitation, the movement of an electron to a higher energy state. Nevertheless, different biological effects are observed for different types of non-ionizing radiation.^[1][2]

Neutron radiation

Main article: Neutron radiation

Neutron radiation is a kind of non-ionizing radiation that consists of free neutrons. These neutrons may be emitted during either spontaneous or induced nuclear fission, nuclear fusion processes, or from other nuclear reactions. It does not ionize atoms in the same way that charged particles such as protons and electrons do (exciting an electron), because neutrons have no charge. However, neutron interactions are largely ionizing, for example when neutron absorption results in gamma emission and the gamma subsequently removes an electron from an atom, or a nucleus recoiling from a neutron interaction is ionized and causes more traditional subsequent ionization in other atoms.

Electromagnetic radiation

Main article: Electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic radiation (sometimes abbreviated EMR) takes the form of self-propagating waves in a vacuum or in matter. EM radiation has an electric and magnetic field component which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and to the direction of energy propagation. Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types according to the frequency of the wave, these types include (in order of increasing frequency): radio waves, microwaves, terahertz radiation, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. Of these, radio waves have the longest wavelengths and Gamma rays have the shortest. A small window of frequencies, called visible spectrum or light, is sensed by the eye of various organisms, with variations of the limits of this narrow spectrum. EM radiation carries energy and momentum, which may be imparted when it interacts with matter.

The electromagnetic spectrum

Light

Main article: Light

Light, or visible light, is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye (about 400–700 nm), or up to 380–750 nm.^[1] More broadly, physicists refer to light as electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths, whether visible or not.

Thermal radiation

Main article: Thermal radiation

Thermal radiation is the process by which the surface of an object radiates its thermal energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. Infrared radiation from a common household radiator or electric heater is an example of thermal radiation, as is the light emitted by a glowing incandescent light bulb. Thermal radiation is generated when heat from the movement of charged particles within atoms is converted to electromagnetic radiation. The emitted wave frequency of the thermal radiation is a probability distribution depending only on temperature, and for a genuine black body is given by Planck’s law of radiation. Wien's law gives the most likely frequency of the emitted radiation, and the Stefan–Boltzmann law gives the heat intensity.

Black-body radiation

Black-body radiation is a common synonym for thermal radiation (see above). It is so-called because the ideal radiator of thermal energy would also be an ideal absorber of thermal energy: It would not reflect any light, and thus would appear to be absolutely black.

Discovery

Wilhelm Röntgen is credited with the discovery of X-Rays. When experimenting with a vacuum and a Crooke's tube, he noticed a phosphorescence on a nearby plate of coated glass. While working with various isotopes of hydrogen, namely tritium, he found a drastic change in photonic emissions when measuring electrical charges in a vacuum. When he took pictures of the tritium, he found that the state of one solid piece would deteriorate quickly. In one month, he discovered the main properties of X-rays that we understand to this day. Henri Becquerel found that uranium salts caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate, and Marie Curie discovered that only certain elements gave off these rays of energy. She named this behavior radioactivity.

In December 1899, Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radium in pitchblende. This new element was two million times more radioactive than uranium, as described by Marie.

The electromagnetic spectrum

Main article: Electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation frequencies.^[1] The "electromagnetic spectrum" (usually just spectrum) of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation from that particular object.

See also

• Background radiation, which actually refers to the background ionizing radiation
• Black hole
• Čerenkov radiation
• Cosmic microwave background radiation, 3K blackbody radiation that fills the Universe
• Electromagnetic spectrum
• Hawking radiation
• Ionizing radiation
• Non-ionizing radiation
• Radiant energy, radiation by a source into the surrounding environment.
• Radiation damage – adverse effects on materials and devices
• Radiation hardening – making devices resistant to failure in high radiation environments
• Radiation hormesis – dosage threshold damage theory
• Radiation poisoning – adverse effects on life forms
• Radioactive contamination
• Radioactive decay

External links

• Health Physics Society Public Education Website

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Kwan-Hoong Ng (20th – 22nd October 2003). "Non-Ionizing Radiations – Sources, Biological Effects, Emissions and Exposures". Proceedings of the International Conference on Non-Ionizing Radiation at UNITEN ICNIR2003 Electromagnetic Fields and Our Health. http://www.who.int/peh-emf/meetings/archive/en/keynote3ng.pdf. 
2. ^ John E. Moulder. "Static Electric and Magnetic Fields and Human Health". http://www.mcw.edu/gcrc/cop/static-fields-cancer-FAQ/toc.html. 

v • d • e Radiation (Physics) Main articles Non-ionizing radiation Ultraviolet light · Near ultraviolet · Visible light · Infrared light · Microwave · Radio waves · Acoustic Radiation Ionizing radiation X-ray · Cosmic radiation · Gamma ray · Background radiation · Nuclear fission · Nuclear fusion · Particle accelerators · Nuclear radiation (nuclear weapons · Nuclear reactors) · Radioactive materials (Radioactive decay) Thermal radiation · Electromagnetic radiation · Earth's radiation balance Radiation health effects Radiation therapy · Radiation poisoning · Skin depth · Radioactivity in biological research · List of civilian radiation accidents Mobile phone radiation and health · Wireless electronic devices and health · Health physics Related articles Radiation hardening · Half-life · Radiobiology · Nuclear physics See also: Category:Radiation effects · Category:Radioactivity · Category:Radiation health effects · Category:Radiobiology

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - stråling, udstråling

idioms:

• radiation sickness    strålesyge, strålingssyge

Nederlands (Dutch)
straling, uitstraling, bestraling (medische behandeling), radiale ordening

Français (French)
n. - (Méd, Nucl) radiation, (Phys) rayonnement

idioms:

• radiation sickness    mal des rayons

Deutsch (German)
n. - Strahlung, Ausstrahlung

idioms:

• radiation sickness    (Med.) Strahlungskrankheit

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (φυσ.) ακτινοβολία, ραδιενέργεια

idioms:

• radiation sickness    προσβολή από ραδιενέργεια

Italiano (Italian)
radiazione

idioms:

• radiation sickness    malattia da radiazioni

Português (Portuguese)
n. - radiação (f), irradiação (f)

idioms:

• radiation sickness    doença causada pela radiação

Русский (Russian)
радиация, излучение

idioms:

• radiation sickness    лучевая болезнь

Español (Spanish)
n. - radiación

idioms:

• radiation sickness    radiotoxemia

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - strålning

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
发光, 辐射, 发热, 辐射能

idioms:

• radiation sickness    辐射病

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 發光, 輻射, 發熱, 輻射能

idioms:

• radiation sickness    輻射病

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 발광, 복사 , 방사, 빛, 열

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 発光, 放射, 輻射, 放射物

idioms:

• radiation sickness    放射線病, 放射線宿酔

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) اشعاع‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮קרינה, רדיואקטיביות‬

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