Bacteria

Resistant spores are a survival mechanism for bacteria in harsh conditions. They protect the bacteria's genetic material from damage and allow them to remain dormant until conditions improve. This increases the chances of the bacteria's survival and enables them to re-establish themselves when conditions become favorable again.

The bacterial species that produces Deoxyribonuclease is Staphylococcus aureus. It is an enzyme that helps the bacteria break down DNA, allowing it to acquire genetic material from its environment.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a rod-shaped bacterium that typically forms pairs or chains of cells. This arrangement is referred to as a diplococci or streptococci arrangement. The cells are encapsulated, giving them a robust structure.

The main source of entry is Water and Wet soiled areas, Water source like ponds, reservoirs, heaters, hot showers and even Air Condition (A/C) ducts,

Wet soiled areas like house corners wet soils etc...

It never identified in dry areas.

It enter into body by inhalation and goes to Alviole and starts lt's life cycle. the life cycle takes 2-10 days depends upon persons immune system,

it never transfers from person to person.

Thanks

Anjaneyulu Chaganti

chaganti.lp@gmail.com

Serratia marcescens is a bacteria species known to form pink colonies on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA). It is commonly found in soil, water, and on various surfaces and is often associated with nosocomial infections.

Aerotolerant anaerobes can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not use it for metabolism, while facultative anaerobes can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on oxygen availability. Aerotolerant anaerobes typically ferment sugars, whereas facultative anaerobes can perform both aerobic respiration and fermentation.

Stains adhere to bacterial cells due to their chemical properties interacting with the cell's components. Not all colored dyes are useful for simple staining because some dyes may not be able to penetrate the bacterial cell wall or may not interact with the cell's components to provide contrast for visualization. The choice of dye depends on its ability to bind to the bacteria and produce a visible contrast for microscopy.

diptheria

There are an extremely large amount of diseases caused by bacteria, but fortunately bacterial diseases are easily cured with antibiotics, whereas viral diseases cannot be cured (only the symptoms can be treated) and must run there coarse.

Not only bacteria, also fungi, algae, plants, animals and human need proteins. Bacteria do carry out metabolic process, reproduction, motility and other life processes, hence they need proteins. In case of human, not all the amino acids can be synthesized by our cell, so we consume protein diet to acquire them.

No, the most common form of bacterial cells is cocci, which are spherical in shape. Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria, which are also common but not as prevalent as cocci.

Bacteria can be both producers and consumers. Some bacteria are autotrophs, meaning they can make their own food through processes like photosynthesis. Others are heterotrophs, meaning they rely on consuming organic matter from their environment for energy.

Yes. typhoid is caused by bacteria. The name of the bacteria is Salmonella Typhi.

Cal·mette Albert Léon Charles (1863-1933),French bacteriologist, and Gué·rin Camille(1872-1961), French veterinarian

There are 2 types of vaccines:

(1) Live ("attenuated", or bred to be harmless)

(2) Killed (dead disease-causing particles)

Live vaccines can be more effective, don't usually need 'booster' shots later to make them work better, but are less able to be given to immunocompromised or pregnant people as they are still alive.

Killed vaccines are less effective, often requiring boosters, but can be given to immunocompromised people and (often) pregnant ladies. They are used with an "adjuvant", or a substance that helps them work better (makes your body more able to make antibodies to them faster).

Both types of vaccines have 'epitopes', or molecules that your body recognises. These epitopes are the SAME as what is on the actual disease-causing particles. This is why they work - your body sees the "HARMLESS" particles and learns to recognise them, or creates "antibodies" that help your body respond to the actual thing when it appears.

It takes time to create these antibodies, so if you can make them BEFORE the actual disease finds its way into your body, you can respond much faster and destroy the virus particles before they can cause you harm.

The type of vaccine depends on what has been developed. There are benefits of both ways, but it is not always easy to do both.

Side note: occasionally, you will hear about how "vaccines are horrible, and cause more harm than good". Most of the time, people use multi-resistant organisms as examples, however, these organisms become resistant to ANTIBIOTICS, and NOT vaccines! Having antibodies is natural, unlike many antibiotics! They are NOT comparable! Antibodies are a post-infection method of disease control, whereas vaccines prevent the disease from establishing. Thus, vaccines have in the past been used rather successfully to rid the world of several diseases! (Which we can ALL be extremely grateful for!!!!!)

Another poorly-used example was that of the smallpox vaccine causing many deaths. Reasons why this example is tragically misused is that it was the first-ever attempt at vaccination in recorded history (we no longer live in such an age where we must rely on random human-testing of live NON-attenuated pathogen injection!). Smallpox protection included injecting pus from the lesions of an infected person (or another vaccinated person) to create antibodies.

Case in point: we no longer inject pus into people... it's a good way to spread other infections, and is less reliable in results. We no longer live in the 'dark ages' of immunology. The first attempts at reaching space failed badly, and yet nobody seems to be boycotting space travel now that science and technology has improved, so please be open-minded if anyone ever tells you that in vaccines, in general, are "bad". Okay? :)

Once inside a cell, a virus's genetic material takes over many of the cell's functions. It instructs the cell to producethe virus's proteins and genetic material. These proteins and genetic material then assemble into new viruses. Therefore, viruses could not exist without an organism, in which the virus attacks the organism's cell. (straight from a life science book)

~ Savannah (from Georgia)

I have then a question to Savanna. What did exist earlier: the prey or the predator? It was the prey because predators didn't exist yet. Ofcourse if there are no predators or parasites, then there are no prey, just living things. Now back to the virus, it is a parasite, or the predator if you want. It was clearly not able to be a cell in evolution, but it developed mechanisms to kill cells, eat it and reproduce itself and infect others. The cell was (and is) the more developed lifeform, able to support itself, unlike that other lifeform what then probably became the virus. Because of it's advancement it was more prosperous and their numbers became higher then their competitors. It competed with that other lifeform for nutrients. That other lifeform went then into a crisis, however, as with many examples in nature, some surveived because they became predator or parasite. Now I will explain something in nature that is similar: When plants begin to exist there was competition for nutrients water and... sunlight. Then there where plants that got better structural characteristics then others and grow higher, taking more sunlight. Those became trees and their lower competitors died. But a mistletoe or a vine did not and hitch a ride to the sunlight, stealing nutrients on their way. There are a lot of patterns in evolution and life similar, over and over again, even on many levels, and predator prey is one of them. And it's the same thing on the other edge of the universe. Basically we are all parasites, we take something away that is not ours. Even if it was unutilized sunlight or nutrients in the soil, there is a chance that it's taken away from another lifeform and then the competition starts to kickoff. Life did not start as their was suddenly, taadaa, a cell. A cell consist of several things that have their own distinct functions, working together as a cell. It's way to complex to just exists, especially unlikely of those distinct set of different functions it consist of. Therefore it's more likely that there was something before. Basically all life needs is a replicator. And I don't mean just mixing 2 different chemicals together to react to a new molecule, but something that is able to influence it's surroundings not to just create another chemical and be itself untouched (which is actually a catalyst) , but to a copy of itself. Because of that a replicator must be (or supported by) a catalyst for certain, Therefore to me a (pre)enzyme (being a catalyst) is the most likely candidate for being the first replicator, or at least the kickstarter

~ Eric (from Holland)

Round clusters of coccus bacteria are called staphylococci. Staphylococci are a type of bacteria that are typically found in clusters and can cause infections in humans.

The bacterium Salmonella typhi is the main microorganism responsible for causing typhoid fever in humans. It is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water.

A cyst is typically a sac-like pocket of tissue that may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. It is not inherently caused by bacteria or fungi, but it can become infected by these microorganisms. The type of infection depends on the specific situation and underlying factors.

Yes, mycobacterium is a genus of eubacteria. Eubacteria are a major group of bacteria that are characterized by their simple cell structure and lack of membrane-bound organelles. Mycobacterium species include pathogenic bacteria that can cause diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy.

Streptococcus bacteria may cause small infections like strep throat and some serious diseases like pneumonia. Certain streptococci may be fatal. Campylobacter is a group of bacteria that can create illnesses in humans and is a common cause of food poisoning.Harmful bacteria in food cause botulism, which can cause paralysis or even death if even one millionth of the bacterium is ingested. Yersinia pestis or bubonic plague, is a rod-shaped type of bacterium which is well known for its harmful nature. Bacteria-carrying fleas found on animals such as rats and mice transmit the bacteria that are believed to have caused the deaths of millions of people in human history

If you forget to counter stain color of Gram positive would be violet or blue .

The above answer is good. Here is why the above answer is good.

Yes it would still be Violet or blue. Gram positive bacteria are gram positive, because it holds onto the crystal violet stain that washes out of gram negative bacteria. Counterstaining with safranian turns gram negative bacteria pink to red only because the crystal violet has washed out of the gram negative. The lighter safranian has little to no effect on gram positive bacteria.

The cause of the difference has to do with the makeup of the cell wall in the different bacteria.

Gas vesicles are organelles in aquatic bacteria that can be used to provide buoyancy. These vesicles regulate the cell's position in the water column by controlling the amount of gas inside them. When the gas vesicles are filled with gas, they help the bacteria float to higher levels in the water.

Some microscopic animals include planarians (flatworms), numerous mites, including dust mites and spider mites, and aquatic crustaceans such as copepods and cladocerans (water fleas). The most numerous microscopic animals are nematodes(roundworms), rotifers (aquatic filter-feeders), and tardigrades (water bears).