Biochemistry

Oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation comes from the air we breathe. During the electron transport chain, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, combining with protons to form water. This reaction is essential for the generation of ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

1. G1 phase: the cell grows and carries out its normal functions.
2. S phase: DNA replication occurs, ensuring that each new cell will have a complete set of genetic information.
3. G2 phase: the cell continues to grow and prepares for cell division by synthesizing proteins needed for mitosis.

Scientifically speaking, the product is a zygote. A zygote is the term for a fertilized egg in its early stages of development and when it has not yet arrived at the uterus(the egg is fertilized at the fallopian tubes). When it has attached itself to the uterus, it is called a blastocyte. After 7 to 10 days after the fertilization, it is called a gastrula. When the stem cells have fully specialized, it is called a embryo.

To determine the number of base pairs in a segment of DNA, you would need to know the length of the segment in base pairs. Each base pair consists of two nucleotides bonded together, such as adenine-thymine or cytosine-guanine. You can count the bases in the segment and divide by two to get the number of base pairs.

Yes, the Calvin cycle requires RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) as it is the starting molecule for carbon fixation. RuBP reacts with CO2 to form an unstable intermediate that eventually leads to the synthesis of sugars such as glucose.

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which a water molecule is used to break down a larger molecule into smaller units. It is involved in processes such as digestion, breaking down complex carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into simpler forms that the body can absorb and use for energy. Additionally, hydrolysis plays a role in metabolic reactions, breaking down molecules to release stored energy.

Lipids, specifically phospholipids, are the class of nutrient that can produce certain hormones and form a coating on nerves. These essential fats play a crucial role in cellular structure and signaling, including hormone production and nerve insulation.

Living things rely on enzymes to carry out essential chemical reactions in their bodies. Without enzymes, these reactions would occur too slowly or not at all, leading to the inability to survive. Therefore, living things cannot survive without enzymes.

it takes place in animals all the time. When we breathe in we take on oxygen which combines with gluscose in aerobic respiration to produce energy.

oxygen+glucose---- carbon dioxide+ water+ energy

Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative. It is occasionally found as a constituent of nucleic acids, where it is present in the anticodon of tRNA in the form of its nucleoside inosine. It has a tautomer known as 6-hydroxypurine. Hypoxanthine is a necessary additive in certain cell, bacteria, and parasite cultures as a substrate and nitrogen source. Hypoxanthine is also a spontaneous deamination product of adenine. Because of its resemblance to guanine, the spontaneous deamination of adenine can lead to an error in DNA transcription/replication.

Furfural cannot be formed from ribosides until the glycosidic

linkage has been split; the purine-ribose links of RNA are easily

hydrolysed by hot acid, while the pyrimidine-ribose links are much more

resistant, and the orcinol method is commonly supposed to determine only

the purine-bound ribose of RNA.

A homogenous mixture is a combination where the components are evenly distributed throughout, resulting in a uniform composition. An example of a homogenous mixture is a solution of salt dissolved in water.

During the S stage of interphase, DNA undergoes replication, where the DNA molecules are duplicated. This results in each chromosome consisting of two identical sister chromatids attached at a region called the centromere. This ensures that each daughter cell after cell division receives a complete copy of the genetic material.

To access the energy stored in ATP, proteins bind ATP and uncouple the phosphate group. The ADP that is formed is released, and the protein binding site can once again bind ATP.

-Got this from my biology book; page 223; bottom caption

An example of a chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy is photosynthesis. In this process, plants use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The energy from sunlight is required to drive this reaction and is absorbed by chlorophyll in plant cells.

The formation of myelin sheath around the axon is called the myelinogenesis. In the peripheral nerve, the myelinogenesis starts at 4th month of intrauterine life. It is completed only in the second year after birth. Before myelinogeneis, Schwann cells of the neurilemma are very close to axolemma as in the case of unmyelinated nerve fiber. The membrane of the schwann cell is double layered. The schwann cells wrap up and rotate around the axis cylinder in many concentric layers. The concentric layers fuse to produce the myelin sheath but the cytoplasm of the cells is not deposited. Outermost membrane of Schwann cell remains as neurilemma. Nucleus of these cells remains in between myelin sheath and neurilemma. In the central nervous system, the schwann cells are absent and the myelin sheath is formed by the neuroglial cells called the oligodendroglia.

Biologists study chemistry because it is the basis of a living things. For example aerobic respiration (us breathing) is breathing in Oxygen (O2) and breathing out Carbon Dioxide (CO2) these are elements in the Periodic Table which is a part of chemistry.

The chemical link between the inorganic and organic worlds is carbon. Carbon is unique in its ability to form a wide variety of stable compounds with other elements, which is essential for the molecules found in living organisms. The presence of carbon allows for the formation of complex organic compounds necessary for life.

When plants are exposed to chitin, it tends to elicit a defensive response from the plant. In this way, chitin and chitosan (the deacetylated form of chitin) are often used as biopesticides in agriculture, as opposed to toxic chemicals. This interesting plant response is most likely an evolutionary adaptation by plants to insects, since chitin forms the exoskeletons of insects (which feed on such plants).

The endoplasmic reticulum are a network of tubes inside a cell that transport and synthesize useful chemicals to different parts of the cell. It is NOT where the nucleus is stored.

A molecule made of many repeating parts is known as a polymer.

Cytosine is the pyrimidine that bonds to the purine Guanine in both DNA and Rna.

Protein is the food chemical primarily responsible for growth and repair in the body. It is essential for building and repairing tissues, including muscles, skin, and organs. Consuming an adequate amount of protein in the diet is important for overall health and optimal growth.