Biochemistry

Biological study has advanced our understanding of living organisms, their functions, and interactions with the environment. It has enabled the development of important scientific advancements such as gene editing, biotechnology, and the understanding of diseases. Additionally, biological research has contributed to conservation efforts, helping preserve biodiversity and ecosystems.

mieosis.

Pepsin is found in the stomach, and breaks down long-chain proteins into shorter amino acids, whilst lipase is secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas to break down fats into their constituent parts: fatty acids and glycerol.

Genetic testing of the parents can help identify if they are carriers of the disease, which increases the risk of passing it on to their child. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can also be done during in vitro fertilization to screen embryos for genetic diseases before implantation. Consultation with a genetic counselor can provide guidance on testing options.

Nucleotides are Sugar+Phosphate+Nitrogen base.

Easier to list the ones that are different. 98% of a human being is functionally identical for either sex. Men have a prostate gland, testes and a penis. Women have ovaries, uterus, and a vagina.

What's the same:

Eyes, lungs, heart, brain, liver, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, bones, skin, blood....

As I said, 98% of a human is unisex.

Fats are essential for providing energy, insulating and protecting organs, helping with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and serving as a source of essential fatty acids that the body cannot make on its own. They also play a role in cell membrane structure and signaling in the body.

The final electron acceptor in photosynthesis is NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). NADP+ accepts electrons, along with hydrogen ions, from the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane, and is reduced to NADPH, which is a key molecule in the production of carbohydrates during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.

A condensation reaction joins molecules by removing a water molecule. This process involves bonding two molecules together, with one molecule contributing a hydroxyl group (-OH) and the other contributing a hydrogen atom (-H).

Viruses react to the environment, reproduce (through asexual means), and need energy to survive. They are also capable of passing hereditary information, but that could be included in reproduction.

Guanine bonds with cytosine through three hydrogen bonds, forming a stable base pair in the DNA double helix.

When amino acids combine to form proteins or polypeptides a condensation reaction occurs. The carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amine group of the other molecule. One molecule of water is released and this results in C(O)NH, or a peptide bond.

Condensation is the reaction: the opposite process is termed Hydrolysis.

Simple

For example, simple cuboidal epithelium

A layered version would be Stratified cuboidal epithelium

diploid, definition is here http://www.bioethics.gov/reports/stemcell/glossary.html

Temperature can affect enzyme activity because enzymes work best within specific temperature ranges. At low temperatures, enzyme activity decreases as the molecules move more slowly, decreasing the likelihood of enzyme-substrate collisions. At high temperatures, enzyme activity can be disrupted because the enzyme structure can become denatured, leading to a loss of function. Optimal temperature for enzyme activity varies depending on the specific enzyme.

Cell boundaries (distinct black lines between the cells), and the stained cytoplasm are visible at 10 (ocular magnification) by 5 (stage magnification). The cells are very small at this point. At 10 by 10 cells are bigger and the vacuoles can be seen clearly as separate parts. Any other organelles cannot be seen by a low power microscope. As far as I remember nuclei cannot be seen in the case on onion epidermis. However, i am not too sure.

To modify proteins, basically. To place simple carbohydrates on the proteins and give the protein and the chaperon's that fold them a place protected to do their work. Also ships the protein for further modification to the Golgi body.

Starch occurs in two forms, alpha-amylose and amylopectin. Each may be enzymatically hydrolyzed: a-amylose by a-amylase [a(1-4)-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase], present in saliva and pancreatic juice; or by beta-amylase [a(1-4)-glucan maltohydrolase.

The a- and b-amylases also 'attack' amylopectin. Polysaccharides of intermediate length thusly formed are called dextrins.

The theory of endosymbiosis which believes that nuclear membranes and organelles such as the mitochondrian have evolved from a semi"mutation" in which a prokaryotic cell was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell and instead of being digested it survived and has evolved into key features of the eukaryotic cell. Evidence for this is the fact that the mitochondrian have their own ribosomes ( of which are the prokaryotic variety) and their own DNA which allow them to make their own proteins that can be used in synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

There are two hundred and twenty 'different specialized Cell types'.

So pick two - muscle and nerve tissues; bone and vascular [blood circulating] tissues; skin (integument) and stomach / intestine; etcetera.

2 ATP are produced in anaerobic respirtaion

a water molecule is polar because their is an uneven distributive of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. the negative pole is near the oxygen atom and the positive pole is between the hydrogen atoms.

There is a bacterium that resides within the rhizomes - nodules found within the roots - of Legumes that transforms atmospheric N2 [gaseous molecular Nitrogen] into its forms [NO2 and NO3] that are biochemically active.