Blood

The are called the soldiers of the body because they help in fighting infection or diseases caused by pathogens, by producing immunological resistance against them. White blood cells attack and destroy invading bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. They also produce antibodies that help other components of the immune system to neutralize invading organism. Like soldiers, they move to the target site where they attack via blood.

One to five leukocytes per high power field on the microscope is considered normal, However, one should look at the whole field and evaluate this as a whole picture. If also many bacteria are present as well and/or many red blood cells, then a pathologic picture may be present (ie a condition such as an infection or other kidney disease). If your urine is absent of other abnormal findings, and a small amount of Leukos are seen, I would not worry about it.

The metal element that carries oxygen in the blood is iron, which is incorporated in the hemoglobin molecule.

The blood in the left atrium comes from the pulmonary vein, that is, from the lungs. It's oxygenated blood, innit?

The blood in the right atrium comes from the vena cava (either superior or inferior) which actually takes deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart, where it is later sent to the lungs for oxygenation... and so on.

It highly depend on the circumstance. Some bacteria will destroy the hemoglobin, and thus the hemolyzed blood appears transparents, whereas other process will only destroy the hemoglobin wall and thus liberating the hemoglobin, which is then pale cherry roughly in color.

It could stand for Lethal Dose See the related link(s) below.

Occasional atypical lymphocytes is found in the bloodstream as an indicator of immune system activation or antigen stimulation in the body. It has more cytoplasm and grows larger in size than normal lymphocytes.

No, platelets are one of the solid components of blood.

A red blood cell that (in humans) is typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.

the normal INR reading is 1.0 to 1.2.

In some cases require thin blood to pass without difficulty in blood vessels, then normal range is 2.0 to 3.0

White blood cells, specifically those called lymphocytes.

If blood protein levels become low, then there will be a decrease in colloidal osmotic pressure. This in turn can cause side effects in the body like edema and muscle degeneration.

red blood cells carry oxygen that is inhaled by the lungs to the rest of the body. white blood cells help fight infections

Usually when your white blood cell (WBC) count is up, it means that you have some type of infection. If it is too high it can be a sign of cancer. There is a range that WBC can be in and be safe (ie it can go up or down a few numbers and still be normal). If your WBC are high, then usually the doctor will put you on an antibiotic. If it is really high then they will usually do more tests. Prednisone is a steroid that helps with airway constriction, but it also decreases your immunity, causing your WBC count to increase; but usually doen't last that long. Hope that helped.

Hemoglobin is a protein-based component of red blood cells which primary role is transferring oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Although not many people know about this, hemoglobin is actually the reason red blood cells appear red, although oxygen-rich blood is noticeably brighter than the depleted blood returning to the heart and lungs. Fresh hemoglobin is produced in the bone marrow as needed.

Structure of hemoglobin

The hemoglobin molecule is a group of four globular protein subunits and each of these subunits is composed of a protein chain tightly associated with a non-protein heme group. It is proven that each individual protein chain arranges in a set of alpha-helix structural segments connected together in a specific arrangement called myoglobin fold. This folding pattern contains a pocket which is perfectly suitable to strongly bind the heme group.

What exactly is this heme group?

A heme group consists of an iron atom (Fe) held in a heterocyclic ring, known as a porphyrin. This iron atom is the exact site of oxygen binding. The fact is that an iron atom is bonded four nitrogens in the center of the ring and two additional bonds perpendicular to the plane on each side can be formed with the iron to form the fifth and sixth positions, one connected strongly to the protein, the other available for binding of oxygen.

Types of hemoglobins in humans

In the embryo:

Gower 1 (ξ2ε2)

Gower 2 (α2ε2) (PDB 1A9W)

Hemoglobin Portland (ξ2γ2)

In the fetus:

Hemoglobin F (α2γ2) (PDB 1FDH) - Hemoglobin F is the predominant hemoglobin during fetal development

In adults:

Hemoglobin A (α2β2) (PDB 1BZ0) - This is the designation for the normal hemoglobin that exists after birth.

Hemoglobin A2 (α2δ2) - This is a minor component of the hemoglobin found in red cells after birth

Hemoglobin F (α2γ2)

The creation of hemoglobin

Like all proteins, the exact copy or blueprint for hemoglobin exists in DNA and normally, every individual has four genes that code for the alpha protein, or alpha chain.Two other genes code for the beta chain. The alpha chain and the beta chain are made in precisely equal amounts, despite the differing number of genes. The protein chains join in developing red blood cells, and remain together for the life of the red cell. The fact is that essentially, hemoglobin develops a hunger for oxygen molecules.

Heme synthesis

Heme is synthesized in a complex series of steps involving enzymes in the mitochondrion and in the cytosol- two organelles of the cell. First one molecule called 5-aminolevulic acid (ALA) is being transported to the cytosol where a series of reactions produce a ring structure called coproporphyrinogen III which then returns to the mitochondrion where an addition reaction produces protoporhyrin IX. The enzyme ferrochelatase inserts iron into the ring structure of protoporphyrin IX to produce heme.

Globin synthesis

The fact is that two globin chains combine to form hemoglobin. One of the chains is designated alpha and the second chain is called "non-alpha". This is because there is a number of variables influence the nature of the non-alpha chain in the hemoglobin molecule. For example:

The fetus has a distinct non-alpha chain called gamma.

After birth, a different non-alpha globin chain, called beta, pairs with the alpha chain.

The combination of two alpha chains and two non-alpha chains produces a complete hemoglobin molecule

Physiology of blood and hemoglobin circulation

Whenever the blood is carried into the lungs, these hemoglobin proteins attract whatever oxygen is available and this oxygenated blood then travels throughout the entire bloodstream, releasing oxygen into the various muscles and organs all around the body. When these red blood cells are being spent, they are being transferred to the gastrointestinal system for disposal and new red blood cells with hemoglobin take their place in the bloodstream.

How is hemoglobin measured?

There are several methods exist for measuring hemoglobin and most of them are done currently by machines designed to perform several different tests on blood. In this machine, the red blood cells are broken down to get the hemoglobin into a solution. The free hemoglobin is exposed to some specific chemicals that are containing cyanide which binds tightly with the hemoglobin molecule to form cyanmethemoglobin. By shining a light through the solution and measuring how much light is absorbed, the amount of hemoglobin can be determined.

Normal values of hemoglobin

The hemoglobin level is expressed as the amount of hemoglobin in grams per deciliter of blood and the normal ranges for hemoglobin depend on the age and, beginning in adolescence, the sex of the person. The normal ranges are:

Newborns: 17-22 gm/dl

One (1) week of age: 15-20 gm/dl

One (1) month of age: 11-15gm/dl

Children: 11-13 gm/dl

Adult males: 14-18 gm/dl

Adult women: 12-16 gm/dl

Men after middle age: 12.4-14.9 gm/dl

Women after middle age: 11.7-13.8 gm/dl

How the test is performed?

Hemoglobin levels are amongst the most commonly performed blood tests, usually as part of a full blood count or complete blood count. The test is rather simple. Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand and the puncture site is cleaned with antiseptic. A small needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. During the procedure, the band is removed to restore circulation and once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed.

Test results

Lower-than-normal hemoglobin may indicate:

anemia (various types)

erythropoietin deficiency (from kidney disease)

red blood cell destruction associated with transfusion reaction

bleeding

lead poisoning

malnutrition

nutritional deficiencies of iron, folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6

over hydration

Higher-than-normal hemoglobin may indicate:

congenital heart disease

cor pulmonale

pulmonary fibrosis

polycythemia vera

increased RBC formation associated with excess erythropoietin

What does a low hemoglobin level mean?

Low hemoglobin is referred to the condition called anemia. There are many reasons for anemia. Some of the more common reasons are:

loss of blood (traumatic injury, surgery, bleeding colon cancer),

nutritional deficiency (iron, vitamin B12, folate),

bone marrow problems (replacement of bone marrow by cancer,

suppression by chemotherapy drugs, kidney failure), and

abnormal hemoglobin (sickle cell anemia)

Possible causes of elevated hemoglobin

A high hemoglobin count usually suggests that you have too many red blood cells. This condition is also called erythrocytosis. It can lead to a several complications because it can impair circulation and lead to abnormal clotting.

An elevated hemoglobin concentration is usually the result of 2 mechanisms:

increased red blood cell production as a compensatory mechanism when blood oxygen carrying capacity is compromised to meet the demand of tissue

contracted plasma volume resulting in an appearance of greater red cell volume

Causes of an elevated hemoglobin count may include:

Living at high altitudes- Because the higher the altitude is, the lower oxygen level is in the air- body is producing more hemoglobin to bind as much oxygen as it is possible!

Smoking- Several studies done in the past with smokers volunteers have proven that great percentage of the smokers have the elevated hemoglobin level, although the mechanism is still unknown. Some experts believe that it could be because of low level of "pure" oxygen in the smoker's lungs! So, this could be an adoptive mechanism on low oxygen levels!

Dehydration - Dehydration produces falsely high hemoglobin which disappears when proper fluid balance is restored.

The symptoms and possible complications

Although much of the clinical focus has been on anemia as a condition where there is lack of hemoglobin, there are also problems at the high end.

The most notable consequence is increased blood viscosity.

Several studies have proven that the relation between hemoglobin and blood viscosity is linear when the hematocrit is <0.50 (equivalent to a hemoglobin value of 160 g/L). Above this hemoglobin concentration, the relation becomes exponential, which means that a small increase in hemoglobin or hematocrit results in a large increase in viscosity. Once hemoglobin concentrations reach 180 g/L, the blood viscosity reaches a level that impairs microcirculation and an inadequate amount of oxygen is transported to tissues, similar to the situation with severe anemia.

Symptoms

Peripheral cyanosis and impaired mental function resulting from compromised cerebral blood circulation are the two most common symptoms of elevated hemoglobin! Additionally, because of the poor blood flow, the risk of thrombo-embolism increases significantly.

Treatment

Because the high hemoglobin couldn't be considered as a special disorder it could be only treated as a symptom of some other underlying disease. That's why- treating the underlying disease will probably lower the hemoglobin level!

Article sources

http://www.ajcn.org

http://www.nlm.nih.gov

http://www.sickle.bwh.harvard.ed

http://www.wikipedia.com

Plasma is the aqueous portion of the blood, the acellular portion in which the cellular portions are suspended and transported. It also contains electrolytes and substrates from digestion, such as glucose, fatty acids, and proteins. Hormones also are transported in this part of the blood.

The Basophil is the leukocyte that releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant.

No, someone with Type O blood cannot receive Type AB blood without adverse immune backlash to the donor blood. This is because the A & B refer to antigens, or proteins, on the red blood cells. Type O people have neither A nor B antigens; thus, their body, which doesn't recognize the antigens, treats the donor blood as a foreign body and attempts to eliminate it.

Here's a chart for you:

Giving Blood Type............Receiving Blood Type

O.....................................O, A, B, AB

A......................................A, AB

B......................................B, AB

AB....................................AB

The answer to your question is definitively no; however, note that there are subtypes of A, B, and AB blood types, called A plus/minus, B plus/minus, and AB plus/minus.

how many leters of blood does anormal person have

Almost 70%

A high neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes count indicates strong towards leukemia, some sort of infection, or disease. Individually they have even more implications.

Megakaryocytes are the bone marrow cells that produce platelets.

NO, just because you have an increased WBC count doesn't mean you have leukemia. There are other things in the blood work that would need to be looked at to say for sure. Things like platelet counts, when the tech did a differental did they see blasts or inmature WBC's. Have you been sick? Fever, sore throat, difficulty breathing, bruising easy? There are a lot of things that need to be looked at before the Dr says if it is or is not leukemia.

False- The placenta supplies the baby with the mother's blood during development.