Energy

The Earth's internal thermal energy primarily comes from the heat generated during the planet's formation over 4.5 billion years ago, along with radioactive decay of elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium within the Earth's mantle and core. This heat is continuously being released, contributing to plate tectonics, volcanism, and geothermal activity on the Earth's surface.

The mitochondria is the organelle responsible for releasing energy stored in food through the process of cellular respiration. This organelle uses oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients to produce ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell.

Plants are the primary organisms that absorb sunlight energy through a process called photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, plants use chlorophyll to capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy stored in the form of glucose. This energy is then used by plants for growth and other metabolic processes.

Convection is the thermal energy transferred by the circulation of liquid or gas. It involves the movement of particles within the fluid, carrying heat energy from one place to another.

The second law of thermodynamics states that systems tend towards increasing entropy and disorder. In the context of diffusion across a membrane, molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration, increasing the overall entropy of the system. This process increases the randomness and disorder, thus following the principles of the second law.

The deepest on land oil well is located in Russia, in the Kola Peninsula. The well, known as the Kola Superdeep Borehole, reached a depth of over 40,000 feet (12,000 meters) before it was ultimately closed in 2008.

The only sources of energy are:-

1) Sunlight - falling on the Earth's surface each day (plants are best at using this) and it is this energy which is our food and wood fires etc. We can turn parts of plants into direct (e.g. bio-diesel) replacements for fossil fuels. However, there is no way that bio-fuels can be produced in enough quantities to replace fossil fuels and producing them at all damages more of the wild environment and leaves people will less food.

2) Wind and Waves - actually wind causes the waves and it is Sunlight (heat) that drives the wind - we can and are making more use of energy from wind and waves to help us reduce use of fossil fuels.

3) Hydroelectric energy - we are already using this energy source where practical and again it must be appreciated that the source of this energy is the Sun's heat.

4) Geothermal Energy - the inside of the Earth is hot and in some rare locations (e.g. Iceland) this heat can be harvested and used. Geothermal energy is not a viable replacement for fossil fuels.

5) Tidal energy - this energy is the kinetic energy stored in Earth's spinning on its axis. The Moon pulls up a tidal wave twice a day and it is certainly possible to make more use of tidal energy by building barrages across estuaries and installing power turbines. The problem is the impact on the estuarine biome and silting up. Installing turbines in tidal channels is also possible but salt water is very corrosive and encrusting biological growth on these turbines seems to make this option difficult to do.

6) Fossil Fuels - these are stores ancient Sunlight energy gathered by plants and in animals that died millions of years ago. Geological processes trapped their dead bodies in the rocks and time and pressures have turned these into coal, oil and gas. They are very rich in energy (they have a high energy density) and our civilization has flourished by using them - the environmental cost of this is air pollution and an increase of CO2 in the air causing global warming.

7) Nuclear energy fission - nuclear power stations that use fissionable materials can be built to generate much more of our energy needs than at present. However nuclear power stations cost a lot to build and even more to decommission and if there is an accident vast numbers of people can be made ill (although to be fair the CO2 pollution caused by burning may prove worse).

8) Nuclear energy fusion - we are attempting to develop an industrially viable fusion reactor but at the moment this has not been possible. If we success then this may indeed prove to be a true replacement for fossil fuels. [Cold fusion - this relates to the above and scientifically what was reported has not bee reproduced by other people, so this looks like it was a hoax].

9) Satellite energy stations - the idea here is to put up spacecraft to gather extra sunlight and beam the gathered energy back to earth. The trouble is that space is a very harsh environment and the energy beams needed to get the electricity back to earth would be very very dangerous....all the proposals made so far do not appear viable.

Therefore as you can see there are no realistic alternatives to fossil fuels. This is worrying because if you look at things using an analogy of a man earning a living thus:-

a) Man gets paid a wage for working (= daily sunlight - wind, tide and hydro)

b) Man has inherited a fortune from a relative (= fossil fuels)

c) Man has property, a house and some land (= nuclear, geothermal)

Then this man can have a great time living it up and spending his fortune and mortgaging his property but when this is used up has to go back to living on his wages with a bump.

This analogy mirrors mankind's activity since the industrial revolution. Will our much vaunted civilization and charter of human rights stand up to the coming crash.

One more thought, all the world is talking about fossil fuels being responsible for Global Warming, and while this is indirectly true, the root cause is people using them - the problem is too many people for the world to support. While visiting China last year, I realized that China was the only country in the world actually addressing this with its on birth per person policy.

There are five d orbitals in one energy level. These orbitals are designated as dxy, dyz, dxz, dz2, and dx2-y2. Each d orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

Gasoline is hydrophobic because the molecules are non-polar. Only polar molecules are soluble in water.

The conversion of chemical energy to kinetic energy is typically the most efficient, with efficiencies in the range of 20-40% in combustion engines. In contrast, the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical work in heat engines is generally less efficient, with efficiencies typically below 30%.

-- longest wavelength

-- lowest frequency

conduction occurs when a substance is heated, particles will gain more energy and vibrate more. These molecules then bump into nearby particles and transfer some of their energy to them. This then continues and passes the energy from the hot end down to the colder end of the substance.

argo the thermal energy is represented as an increasing variation from base levels of vibration.

A cardioversion can fail due to underlying heart conditions like atrial fibrillation or flutter. Other reasons include improper electrode placement, incorrect energy settings, or failed synchronization with the heart's electrical activity. In some cases, medication resistance or conduction issues can also lead to a failed cardioversion.

Mechanical energy is equal to potential energy plus kinetic energy in a closed system. The total mechanical energy is conserved.

When velocity is constant, kinetic energy is directly proportional to mass. This means that as mass increases, kinetic energy also increases proportionally. The graph would be a straight line with a positive slope.

Renewable energy sources replace their energy from natural processes such as sunlight, wind, water flow, and geothermal heat. These sources are endless and do not deplete over time, making them sustainable alternatives to traditional fossil fuels.

Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings, making the surroundings warmer. In contrast, endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings, resulting in a decrease in temperature in the surroundings.

Gasoline is not a suspension; it is a homogeneous mixture of different hydrocarbons, including compounds like octane and heptane, along with additives. A suspension is a mixture in which tiny solid particles are dispersed in a liquid.

No, a model of energy transfer is not an ecological biome. An ecological biome is a large geographic area defined by its climate and vegetation. Energy transfer models describe how energy flows through an ecosystem, showing the movement of energy from producers to consumers.

No, that is a rumor. It is simply not POSSIBLE for a fluorescent light-bulb, for example, to use the energy equivalent of one or two hours of normal use within the few seconds it takes the bulb to turn on - that would create such a large current that it would immediately trip the fuse. Some devices may use some extra power when turning on, but that is only perhaps 2-3 times the normal power consumption - not the equivalent of hours of normal use within seconds!

It means a source of energy in which the fuel or other prime mover can only be used once and cannot be renewed naturally, and of which there is a finite supply. Thus coal is non-renewable, as it is turned into useless ash on burning it. You could argue that coal could be remade on earth, and that may be true if you can wait a few hundred million years, and if the earth's climate reverted to a very warm wet one so that vegetation flourished. On the other hand wind and solar energy is renewable, because we have the sun to power them as sources, and the sun will continue to do this for billions of years.

Electricity by itself is fairly clean; but whatever process is used to generate the electricity may cause pollution. You simply don't get electricity out of nothing, you need to convert some other type of energy to electricity.

Geothermal energy can be limited by location, as it requires proximity to hot underground resources. High upfront costs, technical challenges, and the potential for seismic activity in some areas can also hinder its widespread adoption. However, advancements in technology and growing awareness of renewable energy benefits are leading to increased interest in geothermal as a sustainable energy source.

No, habitat destruction is not a direct disadvantage of geothermal energy. The main environmental concerns associated with geothermal energy are the release of greenhouse gases and potential subsurface water pollution. However, habitat destruction can occur if geothermal facilities are not properly managed and situated in ecologically sensitive areas.

Yes, cellulose is a polysaccharide that provides structural support in plant cell walls. It is not used directly for energy storage, but plants break down cellulose into glucose molecules, which can then be used for energy through cellular respiration.