Ancient Egypt

King tut was buried with a chariot because ancient egyptians believed that the dead went to the afterlife and buried the dead person's items with them so they could use them in the afterlife.

The first Egyptian mummies were bodies of people who had been buried in the desert. Their bodies dried out and remained whole. Later rich Egyptians were mummified after death. This procedure was a way of preserving the body for the afterlife.

The procedure involved cleaning the body inside and out.

Embalmers of the Old Kingdom hadn't yet learned how to preserve the flesh. In the 4th Dynasty of the Old Kingdom embalmers began experimenting with natron. This is a compound of salts that is a close chemical composition of bicarbonate of soda.

When the body was packed in natron crystals, the moisture was drawn out of the skin tissue. The consistent use of natron did not occur until the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom.

During the Fourth Dynasty Queen Hetepheres was the first royal Egyptian believed to have her organs dried out and preserved. First the body was cut open and the organs were removed. All the major organs were taken out except the heart and the kidneys. The brain was removed through the nose with an iron hook. In her tomb a chest with compartments was found. In the chest were the remains of Queen Hetepheres's stomach and other organs. In later years the liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines were placed in canopic jars. The organs were carefully removed from the body and dried with natron. The brain was not considered an important organ and was not preserved. Egyptians believed thoughts and reason came from the heart.

King Tut's Alabaster Canopic Jar Lids

The organs were placed in separate jars called canopic jars. During the Middle Kingdom the four canopic jars were topped with carvings of a human head. During the New Kingdom the canopic jars each had a different animal head.

These were made in the likeness of Horus's four sons. The dog headed jar, Duamutef, held the stomach. The human, Imseti, jar held the liver. The hawk headed, Qebsenuef, held the intestines. The baboon, Hapi, held the lungs.

Next the body was covered with a salt substance called natron for 40 days so it would dry out. Natron is mostly made up of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.

The drying out procedure was followed with rinsing the body, then covering it with oil. Next the body was wrapped in linen. The body was laid flat with the hands stretched out beside the body. Fine linen was wrapped around the body. Within the body wrappings, embalmers placed sacred amulets bearing spells and incantations that were thought to help the soul speed into the next world. Next plaster covered the linen wrapping. The plaster was carefully painted. Sometimes the toes and fingers were individually wrapped. During the Middle Kingdom embalmers experimented with various improved methods of preserving the body. Coating the wrappings with resin made from the sap of various conifers was one improvement. The name of the dead person was marked on the ends of the linen bandages.

By the Twenty-first Dynasty the mummy was inserted with materials between the skin and muscle layer. Sawdust, ashes, mud, sand, and linen were used to give the mummy a lifelike appearance. The body was then placed in a coffin called a sarcophagus. It was decorated with the image of the body inside. During the Middle Kingdom the first painted cartonnage masks were used. These gave the mummy a more life like appearance.

The complete preparation time took approximately 70 days to complete. Mummification preserved the body so that the dead person's soul could recognize its body when the soul returned to the tomb. Egyptians believed the soul called Ka would enter the mummified body.

When the soul returned the dead person would need food and earthly objects. This is why the body was buried with food and items that were needed to live an earthly life. These items included plates, combs, bowls, silverware, and cups. On the walls of their burial chambers pictures of servants were painted. The reason for this was the servants would be there to serve the person being buried in their next life.

The Egyptians did not believe in heaven or hell. They had priest to keep people on their good behavior. The priest performed ceremonies and festivals such as funerals.

In the Old Kingdom only royalty or nobility were mummified. During the Middle Kingdom, mummification began to spread to the upper middle class. During the 18th and 19th Dynasties of the New Kingdom more and more people could afford to be embalmed. Both royal and non-royal mummies were prepared. The only difference in the two were the way the hands were positioned. Royal males were positioned with their hands placed flat on the chest in the "classic mummy pose".

Nefertiti lived to be around forty. She did not 'disappear', but was from a certain point on no longer mentioned in inscriptions, probably simply because she had died (40 was at the time not an exceptionally young age to die). Some historians have stated that her name was erased from certain inscriptions, indication that she might have fallen from grace, but later research has proved that another of the pharao's wives was the one whose name was erased.

Some historians have suggested that she even may have outlived her husband and reigned as Regent for her son Tutankhamen for a while before she died.

Ramss two had two hundred wives, some well known ones were isoneferat and nefertari.

the egyptians believed that the kings had absolute power and complete control over them

the eqyptian hieroglyph that underlies the word prince in English texts is transliterated SR. the letter e is often added to fill out Egyptian words since the hieroglyphic alphabet, as it is currently understood, didn't have vowels. if it is left untranslated into English, it would apear as the title Ser (or Sar). it is sometimes left this way, as there is occasional debate as to whether the modern word prince adequately conveys the ancient meaning.

Strictly speaking, a Caucasoid is someone whose ancestry comes from the stock of the Caucasus Mountains, typically the Indo-Europeans. These peoples include the Persians, Germans, Norse, Celts, etc. The Egyptians are Semitic, that is to say that they have Mediterranean coloration and are therefore not Caucasoids. See more below.

As concerns the predominant race in Egypt today, most Egyptians today have Mediterranean coloration. This coloration varies, but includes colors that might be mis-identified with a Southern German at their lightest and may be mis-indentified with Pakistani at their darkest. Nationalities with similar complexions include most Arabs, Southern Italians, Southern Spaniards, Turks, and other North Africans. Most of these groups are characterized as "White" by the United States Census Bureau, regardless of how others may see them.

All sorts of luxury goods such as ivory, animal skins and spices. The most important import by far was wood. Egypt had few trees other than the date palm and the fig tree which were far more important for food than timber. Most of the timber was cedar wood from Lebanon. Egypt was a slave owning society and traded for slaves from Nubia (Sudan).

The ancient Egyptians created the Hieroglyphics. Without their written language we would not know what language the people from that area and time period had spoken. Plus the Hieroglyphics have opened up a new language for people of that study to read and write.

Cleopatra was born in 69 B.C. in Alexandria.

they lived in a hole in the ground or a rubbish bin

intellectual

The point of mummies were for the bodies to enjoy afterlife. They would perserve the bodies and put things they would need in afterlife like

Food

Water

Animals

Clothing

And other stuff.

ancient Egypt was very interesting to tell you the truth they used the axle to transport the big stone blocks so that they could build homes building store shop and especially Pyramids

because ... *sigh*

after a Pharaoh dies he must be mummified.

the process of being mummified takes a long time. they must remove your organs, stuff you, wrap you in linen, give you wishes, spells, and gifts.

if you want to do it right it takes a long time

can someone tell me why anubis has a black head

there was a reeeeaally stupid answer discussing Johnny Cash here, so I'll edit it for you.

not necessarily king Tut's mask is called the mask of death, but masks worn by mummified pharao's are generally called death masks, because the kings are dead.. obviously.

According to Wikipedia, as early as 5000 BC "small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry."

The flooding of the Nile (and so geometry - to reset property boundaries) & preserving dead bodies.

Cairo Museum

great pyramids of Giza last of the 7 wonders of the world standing

Sphynx monument (pyramid complex)

Aswan high dam

King Tutankhamun did indeed have a father that was a Pharoah ("King"). His father was named Akhenaten, and was most noted for turning Ancient Egypt's religon into a monotheism. A monotheism means that only haveing one god. This was very very strange and disliked by the Ancient Egyptians because they were always accustomed to worshiping the many gods of Egypt. Tut's mother was probably Kiya, but researchers are still uncertian about this. Tutankaten was the name that Tut was named before his rule of Egypt. His name meant the "Living Image of Aten". When his father Akhenaten died Tut got to be the ruler. His name was changed to Tutankamen which means "Living Image of Amun, Ruler of Upper Egypt Helipolis"

The Great Pyramids of Giza plateau were built in the 26th century BCE (BC) and were never destroyed. In 12th century CE (AD), there was an attempt to do so, but it failed miserably, due to the immensity of the structures. They are still standing safe and sound today and can be visited at Giza near Cairo.

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