Ancient Rome

Nerva (96-98).

Nerva was appointed by the Senate to succeed Domitian, and was the first Emperor who did not owe his advancement to military force or influence. He associated with himself Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, then in command of the army on the Rhine. Nerva ruled only sixteen months; but during that time he restored tranquillity among the people, conferring happiness and prosperity upon every class.

Trajan (98-117).

Nerva was succeeded by Trajan, whose character has its surest guaranty in the love and veneration of his subjects; and it is said that, long afterwards, the highest praise that could be bestowed on a ruler was that he was "more fortunate than Augustus, and better than Trajan." Trajan was a soldier, and, if he lacked the refinements of a peaceful life, he was nevertheless a wise and firm master.

He added to the Empire Dacia, the country included between the Danube and the Theiss, the Carpathians and the Pruth. This territory became so thoroughly Romanized that the language of its inhabitants to-day is founded on that of their conquerors nearly eighteen centuries ago. It was in honor of this campaign into Dacia that the famous Column of Trajan, which still remains, was erected.

Trajan also annexed to the Empire Arabia Petraea, which afforded an important route between Egypt and Syria. His invasion of Parthia, however, resulted in no permanent advantage.

During the reign of Trajan the Roman Empire reached the summit of its power; but the first signs of decay were beginning to be seen in the financial distress of all Italy, and the decline of the free peasantry, until in the next century they were reduced to a condition of practical serfdom.

The literature of Trajan's reign was second only to that of the Augustan age. His time has often been called the Silver Age Its prose writers were, however, unlike those of the Augustan age, far superior to its poets. The most famous prose writers were Tacitus, Pliny the Younger, and Quintilian.

The poets of this period were Juvenal, Persius, Martial, Lucan, and Statius, of whom the last two were of an inferior order.

Hadrian (117-138).

Trajan was succeeded by his cousin's son, Hadrian, a native of Spain. One of the first acts of Hadrian was to relinquish the recent conquests of Trajan, and to restore the old boundaries of the Empire. The reasons for this were that they had reached the utmost limits which could lend strength to the power of Rome, or be held in subjection without constant and expensive military operations. The people occupying the new conquests were hardy and warlike, scattered over a country easy of defence, and certain to strive constantly against a foreign yoke.

Hadrian displayed constant activity in travelling over the Empire, to overlook personally its administration and protection. He visited Britain, where he crushed the inroads of the Caledonians and built a fortified line of works, known as the Picts' Wall, extending from sea to sea. The remains of this great work are still to be seen, corresponding nearly to the modern boundary between England and Scotland. He also visited the East, where the Jews were making serious trouble, and completed their overthrow.

On his return to the city, the Emperor devoted himself to its adornment. Several of his works, more or less complete, still remain. The most famous of these is the mausoleum (Tomb) of Hadrian, now known as the Castle of San Angelo.

Hadrian was afflicted with bad health, suffering much from diseases from which he could find no relief. On account of this, and to secure a proper succession, he associated with himself in the government Titus Aurelius Antoninus, and required him to adopt Marcus Annius Verus and Lucius Verus. In 138, soon after this arrangement was made, Hadrian died, leaving the Empire to Titus.

Titus Aurelius Antoninus Pius (138-161).

Antoninus, a native of Gaul, was fifty-two years old when he succeeded to the throne. The cognomen PIUS was conferred upon him by the Senate on account of the affectionate respect which he had shown for Hadrian. He was a man of noble appearance, firm and prudent, and under him the affairs of state moved smoothly.

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (161-180).

On the death of Antoninus, Marcus Annius Verus succeeded him under the title of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.

The Moors made an invasion into Spain; the barbarians broke into Gaul; the army in Britain attempted to set up another Emperor; and the Parthians in the East were in an uneasy state. The Eastern war, however, ended favorably, and the Parthian king purchased peace by ceding Mesopotamia to Rome. But the returning army brought with it a pestilence, which spread devastation throughout the West. The Christians were charged with being the cause of the plague, and were cruelly persecuted. Among the victims were Justin Martyr at Rome, and Polycarp at Smyrna.

The death of Lucius Verus in 168 released Aurelius from a colleague who attracted attention only by his unfitness for his position. The Emperor was thus relieved of embarrassments which might well have become his greatest danger. The remainder of his reign, however, was scarcely less unhappy.

The dangers from the troublesome barbarians grew greater and greater. Rome had now passed the age of conquest, and began to show inability even to defend what she had acquired. For fourteen years Aurelius was engaged on the frontiers fighting these barbarians, and endeavoring to check their advance. He died at Vienna while thus occupied, in the fifty-ninth year of his life (180).

Peace was shortly afterwards made with the barbarians, a peace bought with money; an example often followed in later times, when Rome lacked the strength and courage to enforce her wishes by force of arms.

Marcus Aurelius was the Philosopher of the Empire. His tastes were quiet; he was unassuming, and intent on the good of the people. His faults were amiable weaknesses; his virtues, those of a hero. His _Meditations_ have made him known as an author of fine tastes and thoughts. With him ended the line of the Good Emperors. After his death, Rome's prosperity and power began rapidly to wane.

The first one who comes to mind is Livy, who wrote from the founding of the city. Virgil in his Aeneid could also be considered a history of Rome in a loose way. Cassius Dio could be mentioned also.

They were often slaves and enemies of the emperor shipped to the Colosseum.

The Colosseum in Rome was built by the emperor Vespasian. It was started in about 72 Ad and dedicated in 80 AD. The finishing touches were added sometime during the reign of Emperor Domitian.

The ancient Roman forum was a marketplace. The people went there basically to do their shopping, and to transact various business. The fora were also good places to catch up on the latest gossip. In the Forum Romanum, the main political forum, there was a notice posted to tell the people of the day's dealings in the Senate.

The main reason for the Roman empire being so powerful was their army. Because of the strong military Rome was able to expand. By this expansion Rome was able to enlist more men into the army and to expand further. The more they expanded, the more powerful they became.

No, the ancient Romans did not build the first road system, but they built the best. There were many good roads in the area that today we call the Middle East, but the ancient Persian empire is generally credited with having the first road system. In fact the practical Romans borrowed an aspect from the Persian system which was the placing of milestones and having rest stations at certain points.

Over the 1,200 years of her history, ancient Rome had three forms of government: a monarchy for 244 years (753-509 BC), a republic for 482 years (509-27 BC) and rule by emperors for 503 years (27 BC-476 AD).

There was no ancient Greek empire. The Greek world was originally a lot of independent city states. The Eastern part after Alexander the Great became several Hellenistic Kingdoms which were progressively absorbed within the Roman Empire - Maedonia, Egypt and Syria in the 2nd and 1st Centuries BCE.

We just learned this in school! Roman Society was split into two parts the Patricians (The Rich People) and the Plebeians (The Poor Guys). The Patricians were the aristocratic and usually wealthy citizens of Rome. The Plebeians were the non-aristocratic citizens of Rome. Rome was a Republic nation, and had 3 branches. The one your talking about would be the legislative branch. There was 3 houses.

-The Senate

-The Assembly of the Centuries

-Councillum Plebis

The Senate was composed of PATRICIAN generals that would debate the laws.

The Assembly of the Centuries had one representative from each army unit (193 units) but the PATRICIAN units voted first and the poor last and as soon as 97 units voted yes or no the voting stopped.

The Concillium Pebis was composed of plebeians that could not debate topics.

It is not known how long it took for Darius the Great to have the Royal Road rebuilt. Considering that it was 2699 km (1667 miles) long and that it was of such good quality that it was still used by the Romans, this project must have taken years.

Yes, they were rather expensive as they were considered a delicacy.

Yes, they were rather expensive as they were considered a delicacy.

Yes, they were rather expensive as they were considered a delicacy.

Yes, they were rather expensive as they were considered a delicacy.

Yes, they were rather expensive as they were considered a delicacy.

Yes, they were rather expensive as they were considered a delicacy.

Yes, they were rather expensive as they were considered a delicacy.

Yes, they were rather expensive as they were considered a delicacy.

Yes, they were rather expensive as they were considered a delicacy.

The Romans did not influence English and Greek. They influenced Spanish, French and modern Italian. The Greek language was around before the Roman language, and English is a Germanic language not Roman. The most popular languages at the time where Roman, Greek, and German.

Roman- Spanish, Modern Italian, French

German-English, Swedish, Dutch, Norwegian, Finish, Polish, Czech,

Greek- Roman, Spanish, Armenian, Albanian, ect.

After his subjugation of the southeast of England, the Roman supreme commander Aulus Plautius sent Vespasian and his Legio II Augusta to conquer the southwest and subjugate the hostile Durotriges and Dumnonii. He captured twenty oppidia, fortified towns or hill forts, including Maiden Castle. There is no record of a battle being fought there. It is likely that Vespasian besieged and seized Maiden Castle.

A basilica was a public meeting place in ancient Rome, but the Forum Romanum or the civic forum was also used for gatherings.

A basilica was a public meeting place in ancient Rome, but the Forum Romanum or the civic forum was also used for gatherings.

A basilica was a public meeting place in ancient Rome, but the Forum Romanum or the civic forum was also used for gatherings.

A basilica was a public meeting place in ancient Rome, but the Forum Romanum or the civic forum was also used for gatherings.

A basilica was a public meeting place in ancient Rome, but the Forum Romanum or the civic forum was also used for gatherings.

A basilica was a public meeting place in ancient Rome, but the Forum Romanum or the civic forum was also used for gatherings.

A basilica was a public meeting place in ancient Rome, but the Forum Romanum or the civic forum was also used for gatherings.

A basilica was a public meeting place in ancient Rome, but the Forum Romanum or the civic forum was also used for gatherings.

A basilica was a public meeting place in ancient Rome, but the Forum Romanum or the civic forum was also used for gatherings.

The Romans favorite part of a flamingo was the tounge. They believed it was a luxury food.

to show trajan himself and the war in a positive light.

different ways to lead their government

The wax-coated tablets made of wood replaced the earlier chiseling of writing on stone or inscribing bronze tablets. It was a more practical system. It was also an alternative to writing on papyrus because this material was more fragile and water damaged it. To write on these tablets the Romans used a lead stylus with a pointed end. The soft led left a mark. The wax coating made it possible to erase the writing. For erasing a straight-edged spatula-like implement was placed on the other end of the stylus. It was used in a razor-like way. The use of wax-coated wooden tablets decreased when the Romans developed the bound book which was made of parchment.

Yes, by its own decadence, weak emperors, foreign troops fighting in the Roman army, and a huge surge of many Barbarian tribes.

Humanism, as advocated by Petrarch, was a vision of educational reform for the Italian elites. The elites were to become more cultivated and less directed to vocational studies. This was to be done by redirecting the educational focus towards studying Latin literature and rhetoric. The elites should learn how to use language in a sophisticated way, both in term of poetry and rhetoric. Cicero was the best orator and rhetorician the ancient Rome ever had and one of its best prose stylist. Therefore, Cicero was seen as a beacon for the king of education the humanist advocated and a benchmark for achieving the highest educational achievement.

Cicero' influence on the Latin language was so big that the history of prose both in Latin and European languages up to the 19th century was said to be a reaction against or a return to his style

Other gladiators. Gladiatorial bouts were more or less one on one affairs, even though several pairs could be fighting at the same time. In a sense you could say that wild beasts fought the gladiators, as there were special gladiators who fought wild animals.

Other gladiators. Gladiatorial bouts were more or less one on one affairs, even though several pairs could be fighting at the same time. In a sense you could say that wild beasts fought the gladiators, as there were special gladiators who fought wild animals.

Other gladiators. Gladiatorial bouts were more or less one on one affairs, even though several pairs could be fighting at the same time. In a sense you could say that wild beasts fought the gladiators, as there were special gladiators who fought wild animals.

Other gladiators. Gladiatorial bouts were more or less one on one affairs, even though several pairs could be fighting at the same time. In a sense you could say that wild beasts fought the gladiators, as there were special gladiators who fought wild animals.

Other gladiators. Gladiatorial bouts were more or less one on one affairs, even though several pairs could be fighting at the same time. In a sense you could say that wild beasts fought the gladiators, as there were special gladiators who fought wild animals.

Other gladiators. Gladiatorial bouts were more or less one on one affairs, even though several pairs could be fighting at the same time. In a sense you could say that wild beasts fought the gladiators, as there were special gladiators who fought wild animals.

Other gladiators. Gladiatorial bouts were more or less one on one affairs, even though several pairs could be fighting at the same time. In a sense you could say that wild beasts fought the gladiators, as there were special gladiators who fought wild animals.

Other gladiators. Gladiatorial bouts were more or less one on one affairs, even though several pairs could be fighting at the same time. In a sense you could say that wild beasts fought the gladiators, as there were special gladiators who fought wild animals.

Other gladiators. Gladiatorial bouts were more or less one on one affairs, even though several pairs could be fighting at the same time. In a sense you could say that wild beasts fought the gladiators, as there were special gladiators who fought wild animals.

He cut luxury expenses, reformed the taxes. He also kept the Roman Empire at relative peace, protecting the borders and not engaging in expansion. He had the policy of keeping provincial magistrates and rulers in office for long periods of time. He left a large amount of funds in the treasurey upon his death.

The Consuls were elected by the Assembly of the Soldiers (comitia centuriata)