Ancient Rome

Augustus did not, as policy expand the empire. He reduced the number of legions however, on a "must do" basis to secure the empire, Augustus conquered northwestern Spain, the Alpine region in eastern Switzerland Austria and Bavaria, western Hungary and much of the area of the former Yugoslavia. He also expanded the frontiers in Africa. He turned client states in Syria and central Turkey into provinces of the empire.

An attempt to expand into Germany was defeated and Augustus decided to stop the expansion of the empire. The set the rivers Rhine and Danube as the frontier of the empire in Europe. He also negotiated peace with the Powerful Parthian (Iranian) Empire to avoid bloody and costly wars in Mesopotamia (Iraq).

The Latins (the Romans were Latins) adopted and adapted the Cumanean alphabet to develop the Latin alphabet. This was a version of the western Greek alphabet which was used in the Greek city of Cumae, near Naples. The Greeks founded colonies (settlements) in southern Italy in the late 9th century BC and in the 8th century BC. Because they were a more advanced civilisation, these Greeks had a profound impact of all the Italic peoples they came into contact with. This included the adoption and adaptation of the western Greek alphabet by all Italic peoples for the development of their own written languages.

In the early days the members of poor families in ancient Rome were called plebeians. As time went by they were just the proletariat, or as some of the aristocratic ancient writers call them, "the howling mob".

In the early days the members of poor families in ancient Rome were called plebeians. As time went by they were just the proletariat, or as some of the aristocratic ancient writers call them, "the howling mob".

In the early days the members of poor families in ancient Rome were called plebeians. As time went by they were just the proletariat, or as some of the aristocratic ancient writers call them, "the howling mob".

In the early days the members of poor families in ancient Rome were called plebeians. As time went by they were just the proletariat, or as some of the aristocratic ancient writers call them, "the howling mob".

In the early days the members of poor families in ancient Rome were called plebeians. As time went by they were just the proletariat, or as some of the aristocratic ancient writers call them, "the howling mob".

In the early days the members of poor families in ancient Rome were called plebeians. As time went by they were just the proletariat, or as some of the aristocratic ancient writers call them, "the howling mob".

In the early days the members of poor families in ancient Rome were called plebeians. As time went by they were just the proletariat, or as some of the aristocratic ancient writers call them, "the howling mob".

In the early days the members of poor families in ancient Rome were called plebeians. As time went by they were just the proletariat, or as some of the aristocratic ancient writers call them, "the howling mob".

In the early days the members of poor families in ancient Rome were called plebeians. As time went by they were just the proletariat, or as some of the aristocratic ancient writers call them, "the howling mob".

Julius Caesar was the hero of the people and a villain in the eyes of his political enemy. They saw him as an ambitious man who would not stop at nothing to gain popularity and power. They also thought that he would dismantle the institutions of the Rome Republic and make himself a king, which to the Republicans meant tyranny .

3-4 months because the Romans used the pre-existing bedrock as a foundation .

pasta

The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, tried implement a land reform that would redistribute land form the large landed estates of the patricians to address the economic plight of the poor. Peasants were being pushed off their farms by rich landowners who expanded their estates using slave labour. They migrated to Rome and lived in abject poverty due to a scarcity of work. They often had to rely on hand-outs by the by the rich by becoming their clients. The brothers tried to address this poverty by redistributing land to the displaced peasants.

Tiberius was elected plebeian tribune in 133 BC. He pressed for a land reform by using an old law that limited the amount of land that could be owned any individual. The used another law to establish a commission to oversee the redistribution of land which was made up of himself, his brother Gaius and his father-in-law. The senators, even the liberal ones opposed this as were worried that their lands would be confiscated. They got other tribunes to oppose the reforms. Tiberius then appealed to the people. The senators threatened to prosecute Tiberius after the end of his term. Thus Tiberius stood for re-election. The senators obstructed this. Then several of them attacked him with the help of hired thugs. Tiberius and some 300 of his supporters clubbed to death.

Gaius was elected as a plebeian tribune in 123 BC. He revived his brother's land reform and passed a bill which gave the urban poor a dole of subsidised grain. He opposed the power of the senators. He sought support from equestrians a class of rich people who had not acceded to the senate. He wanted to give them control over a court that tried senators for misconduct in administration in the provinces by replacing the senators who sat in this court. He also wanted to improve the citizenship rights to non-Roman Italians. However, this was opposed by a large number of plebeians who saw it as a threat to the privileges Roman citizenship gave them and turned against him. His popular support weakened and the consul Lucius Opimius attacked Gracchans. Gaius was killed and 3,000 of his supporters died in the fighting or were executed afterwards.

The Romans made hundredes of innovations, so there may be hundreds of answers to this question, but in my opinion their most important invention was concrete. We still use it today. It's hard to imagine a city without concrete streets, sidewalks, driveways or house foundations.

It was the Body of Civil Law (Corpus Juirs Civilis) commissioned in Justinian I. Two editions were published, one in 529 and the other in 534. In the Renaissance it started being called Justinian code. It got lost in the west and it was rediscovered in a library in Pisa in 1070. Four professors at the University of Bologna systematised its study. This made law faculty of Bologna University (the first university in Europe) very popular. It attracted students from all over Europe. The study of Roman civil law then spread to universities all over Europe.

The arch. Without the arch much of buildings made today and throughout the centuries wouldn't be standing or built.

the Romans fought a lot of people. Carthage (modern day Tunisia) was a major enemy of Rome, also the Greek city states and the different tribes to the north of Rome (the Gaul's, Germans, Saxons etc.) were worthy enemy's to Rome.

The social group of most Roman citizens was the proletariat. These were people who where citizens but were neither patrician, plebeian or equite.

The social group of most Roman citizens was the proletariat. These were people who where citizens but were neither patrician, plebeian or equite.

The social group of most Roman citizens was the proletariat. These were people who where citizens but were neither patrician, plebeian or equite.

The social group of most Roman citizens was the proletariat. These were people who where citizens but were neither patrician, plebeian or equite.

The social group of most Roman citizens was the proletariat. These were people who where citizens but were neither patrician, plebeian or equite.

The social group of most Roman citizens was the proletariat. These were people who where citizens but were neither patrician, plebeian or equite.

The social group of most Roman citizens was the proletariat. These were people who where citizens but were neither patrician, plebeian or equite.

The social group of most Roman citizens was the proletariat. These were people who where citizens but were neither patrician, plebeian or equite.

The social group of most Roman citizens was the proletariat. These were people who where citizens but were neither patrician, plebeian or equite.

During the Monarchy the king made the laws. At the beginning of the Republic legislation was proposed by the consuls and voted on by the assemblies. The lex Canuleia of 445 BC marked the beginning of the issuing of laws by the tribunes of the plebeians, who eventually issued most of the laws. In 287 BC, plebiscites, deliberations of the plebeian council, were given the force of law and were applicable to the whole of the Roman people (populus). Initially, these applied only to the plebeians. Praetors, who were like chief justices, could issue edicts to amend laws so as correct and supplement them. Over time,the amendments effectively became like new laws and they created a praetoric body of law parallel to civil law. Eventually, the two were fused into the famous Corpus Juris Civilis. The Senate passed decrees called senatus consulta, as "advice" to a magistrate which did not have legal force, but were usually followed. A law passed by an assembly overrode the senate's consultum if it conflicted with it because the latter's authority was based on precedent and not on law. With the empire, the power of the assemblies was transferred to the senate and the senatus consulta acquired the force of law. The emperor was also a law maker. As the Romans started to apply scientific methods of juridical matters, the treatises of professional jurists became very influential.

The Aes grave (heavy bronze) were cast bronze coins introduced in the mid-4th century BC, which is quite late. This was probably due to an increase in sea trade. The subunits of the asse s were the semisse (1/2 asse) triente (1/3) quadrante (1/4) sesante (1/6) and oncia (1/12). Multiples were the dupondio (2 asses) tripondio (3) and decusse (10).

Prior to this the aes rude (raw bronze) pieces of raw bronze taken from smelting without any refinement and of irregular shape were used in central Italy Their value was based on weight, but they had no standard weight. The earliest found specimens date to the 6th century BC.

The aes signatum (stamped bronze) were cast bronze bars of measured weight and quality with a government stamp. It was used in central Italy in the 5th century C. It was an item of exchange based on weight and a whole bar weighed 5 as. They came in 1/3 , ½ 1 and ¾ bars, and in smaller units. A. The earliest types were not made in Rome. The Roman type was an official issue, but could be made by any foundry.

Romans invented running copper water lines.

They were alienated by Caesars power, success and ambition. They were his senators and therefore wanted power. So they assassinated Caesar. That sparked the final rounds of civil wars that ended the Republic and brought about the elevation of Caesar's great nephew and designated heir, Octavian, as Augustus, the first emperor of Rome!

They weren't allowed to do many things. They couldn't own property (until the Pax Romana), they couldn't vote, had little to do in politics, and they couldn't sue. They also couldn't be at public places.

All they seemed to do was stay at home and bear children. Some women were courtesans. The courtesans could move about the village but they weren't really allowed to entertain men. Some other women had to do with religious rights. The women could become oracles.

Unit of what? Measurement? Distance? Capacity? The army? Please be specific.

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius

A slave in ancient Rome could not be freed until he or she had reached the age of thirty. As far as freedom itself was concerned, slaves had money, their "peculium" which they earned from tips, gifts and side jobs. They could buy their freedom once they had saved up their price. They were also freed at the decision of their maser/mistress and many slave were freed in their master's will.

A slave in ancient Rome could not be freed until he or she had reached the age of thirty. As far as freedom itself was concerned, slaves had money, their "peculium" which they earned from tips, gifts and side jobs. They could buy their freedom once they had saved up their price. They were also freed at the decision of their maser/mistress and many slave were freed in their master's will.

A slave in ancient Rome could not be freed until he or she had reached the age of thirty. As far as freedom itself was concerned, slaves had money, their "peculium" which they earned from tips, gifts and side jobs. They could buy their freedom once they had saved up their price. They were also freed at the decision of their maser/mistress and many slave were freed in their master's will.

A slave in ancient Rome could not be freed until he or she had reached the age of thirty. As far as freedom itself was concerned, slaves had money, their "peculium" which they earned from tips, gifts and side jobs. They could buy their freedom once they had saved up their price. They were also freed at the decision of their maser/mistress and many slave were freed in their master's will.

A slave in ancient Rome could not be freed until he or she had reached the age of thirty. As far as freedom itself was concerned, slaves had money, their "peculium" which they earned from tips, gifts and side jobs. They could buy their freedom once they had saved up their price. They were also freed at the decision of their maser/mistress and many slave were freed in their master's will.

A slave in ancient Rome could not be freed until he or she had reached the age of thirty. As far as freedom itself was concerned, slaves had money, their "peculium" which they earned from tips, gifts and side jobs. They could buy their freedom once they had saved up their price. They were also freed at the decision of their maser/mistress and many slave were freed in their master's will.

A slave in ancient Rome could not be freed until he or she had reached the age of thirty. As far as freedom itself was concerned, slaves had money, their "peculium" which they earned from tips, gifts and side jobs. They could buy their freedom once they had saved up their price. They were also freed at the decision of their maser/mistress and many slave were freed in their master's will.

A slave in ancient Rome could not be freed until he or she had reached the age of thirty. As far as freedom itself was concerned, slaves had money, their "peculium" which they earned from tips, gifts and side jobs. They could buy their freedom once they had saved up their price. They were also freed at the decision of their maser/mistress and many slave were freed in their master's will.

A slave in ancient Rome could not be freed until he or she had reached the age of thirty. As far as freedom itself was concerned, slaves had money, their "peculium" which they earned from tips, gifts and side jobs. They could buy their freedom once they had saved up their price. They were also freed at the decision of their maser/mistress and many slave were freed in their master's will.

The emperor Nero is known mainly for his vices--killing his mother, living an extravagant lifestyle and confiscating property. All this has come down to us from the ancient writers who were aristocrats and they were from the class of Roman society who lost the most. Therefore we get a negative picture of him. However, even Suetonius has to admit the Nero was loved by the common people. He passed legislation for public safety after the Great Fire, he was generous with gifts to the masses, and fed and housed people after the Great Fire. Even after fifteen years, his tomb was heaped with flowers on the anniversary of his death.

The history of Rome began with a mythic tale of Romulus and Remus, who were the twin sons of Mars and the Vestial Rhea Sylvia. Similar to the Moses mythology, at birth Romulus and Remus were placed in a basket and left to float down the river Tiber. When the twins in a basket finally found shore, they were discovered by a she wolf who suckled and raised them until they were a shepherd and his family. Whey they had grown into manhood, Romulus and Remus decided to found a city and split it amongst them but it wasn't long before jealousies and rivalry began and at some point Romulus killed Remus and named the city after himself.

Roman tradition tells a story of a Rome under the control of seven Kings who controlled Rome, beginning with Romulus, from 753 to 509 BC. There is some debate as to who these seven kings were and how much control the neighboring Etruscans had on Rome, but their influence on Roman culture is only surpassed by the Greeks of who Rome admired greatly. As the Etruscan Empire began to wane, Rome found opportunity to rebel and gain independence from Etrscanian monarchies. This is the time that Rome rejected monarchies for a republic and Senatorial type of government. From the moment that republic was established all the way up to the Principate, Rome was mired in never ending wars and in spite of that, some would argue because of that Rome became the great city of popular imagination.

Most poor people in the city of Rome lived in the upper floor of insulae. These were tenement blocks up to six floors high. On the ground floor there were shops. On the first floor there were middle class apartments. On the higher floors the poor slept in overcrowded rooms with no running water or cooking facilities. They went there only to sleep. They ate outdoors, used outdoors public toilets and washed at the baths. The higher floors were also less safe as wood was used to build the houses (even after they started to be made mainly of concrete) and there were no fire exits.

The three time periods of ancient Rome were the monarchy, the republic and the principate.