Atmospheric Sciences

Low pressure systems typically bring unsettled weather conditions, such as cloudy skies, precipitation (rain, snow, or storms), and sometimes strong winds. These systems are associated with inclement weather patterns due to the rising motion of air and atmospheric instability.

The Earth's atmosphere extends about 480 km (300 miles) from the surface, but the majority of its mass is concentrated within the first 16 km (10 miles), known as the troposphere. Beyond the atmosphere lies outer space.

Excess growth of algae in water, known as an algal bloom, can be caused by nutrient pollution (such as phosphorus and nitrogen), warm temperatures, sunlight exposure, and calm water conditions that allow algae to grow rapidly. Human activities like agriculture runoff, untreated sewage discharges, and fertilizer use can contribute to nutrient pollution in water bodies, leading to algal blooms.

All of the above can cause excess growth of algae in water. High nitrate and phosphate content can act as nutrients for algae growth, while large amounts of fecal coliform indicate high levels of organic matter, which can also contribute to algae proliferation.

It depends on the size and constitution of the meteoroid that burned up. Some will burn up in any layer of the atmosphere, some meterorites will make it to Earth's surface, and some meteroids will skip off the atmosphere and head back into space. However, meteor showers occur in the mesosphere.

Solar flares are ejected from the Sun every so often. It relates to solar activity on the Sun. They can occur at any time, but are more common at the peak of the cycle of solar activity and for about 3 years after the peak. The solar activity cycle takes about 11 years.

The three types of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation - work together to heat the troposphere. Conduction transfers heat through direct contact between objects, such as the Earth's surface and the air above it. Convection then distributes this heat vertically through the atmosphere by the movement of air masses. Finally, radiation from the Sun delivers energy to the Earth's surface, which in turn warms the surrounding air through conduction and convection.

The ionosphere is a region of Earth's upper atmosphere that contains ions and free electrons. It plays a key role in transmitting and reflecting radio waves, enabling long-distance communication by bouncing radio signals back to Earth. Additionally, the ionosphere helps protect the Earth's surface from harmful solar radiation and cosmic rays.

It helps make long distance radio communication possible though reflecting the radio waves back at the earth. It also helps keep the earth as a green house effect by not allowing the heat that was stored escape into space.

Actually, all gases do this to some extent. This is sometimes called the greenhouse effect, although the physics driving it work nothing like a greenhouse. Without the atmosphere's greenhouse effect, this would be a cold, dead planet with an average temperature well below zero (F). The Earth gets heat from solar radiation, but like all objects, it will re-emit some of this radiation back into space, losing its potential heating effect (what proportion is lost to re-emission varies from substance to substance). Now, the gases in the atmosphere have this same property, so it absorbs some of the energy Earth emits and does the same thing, sending some of Earth's emitted radiation right back to the Earth, which is then warmed because it gets back some of the energy it emits. But as I wrote, some substances are better at doing this than others, and the problem is that the gases you mention are very good at it. If their concentration in tbe atmosphere increases, then the air as a whole also gets better at it, increasing the greenhouse warming effect.

There isn't really a schedule of auroras; they happen when a stream of charged particles from the Sun interact with the Earth's magnetic field. Watch the website at spaceweather.com (see the link below) and look for "coronal mass ejections"; bright auroras often follow about 2 days later. But they sometimes are visible without any warning, because the Sun is CONSTANTLY sending out masses of charged particles.

Both aurorae occur around the polar regions. The Aurora Australis appears around Antarctica and the Aurora Borealis appears around the Arctic.

The Aurora Australis is only visible from the southern latitudes and has never been seen north of the 30 degree line of latitude.

The aurora is associated with solar wind activity and is most prevalent at the peak of the eleven year sun spot cycles, and the three years afterwards.

The best places to see an Aurora Australis in the Australasia region would be Tasmania or New Zealand, away from cities and other sources of artificial light pollution.

Saturn has more moons than any other planet in our solar system

The ionosphere is made up of a layer of the Earth's atmosphere that contains a high concentration of ions and free electrons. It is composed of various ionized gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, that are affected by solar radiation. The ionosphere plays a crucial role in radio wave propagation and communication.

It would be more accurate to say that lighting is caused by the operation of Coulomb's Law which involves both the attraction of unlike charges, and the repulsion of like charges. When a thundercloud contains a substantial negative charge, the excess electrons in the cloud repel each other. Meanwhile, they are also attracted to the ground.

The atmosphere or feeling within a work of art is often referred to as its mood. This can be created through the use of colors, lighting, composition, and subject matter to evoke a certain emotional response in the viewer. The mood of a piece of art can vary greatly depending on the artist's intentions and the viewer's interpretation.

The layers of the atmosphere are composed mainly of different gases. The lower layer, the troposphere, contains primarily nitrogen and oxygen. The stratosphere is higher up and contains an ozone layer. Beyond that, in the mesosphere and thermosphere, the composition is more variable with gases like oxygen, nitrogen, and helium.

Lighting typically strikes the ground from the sky during a thunderstorm when there is a difference in electrical charge between the clouds and the ground. This can result in a lightning bolt traveling from the cloud to the ground.

These are lines of equal wind speed. They are most often contoured in the upper levels of the atmosphere, especially at the jet stream level. They are important for locating the jet stream and jet streaks within a jet stream

An Aurora Australis or an Aurora Borealis occurs when streams of particles from the sun's solar winds hit the earth's atmosphere at an angle (as can only happen at the poles). These particles interact with the edges of the earth's magnetic field and when they collide with the gases in the ionosphere, the particles glow creating curtains of blue, green and magenta. An aurora is sometimes accompanied by a crackling sound.

Yes, some elliptical orbits are more circular than others. An ellipse has two main characteristics - its eccentricity and its semi-major axis. The closer the eccentricity is to 0, the more circular the orbit is.

it happens when sun's particles have a fusion with earth's particles close to earth, only seen in northern and southern poles because of no light pollution and those are also the magnitude poles

No, it is physically impossible to reach the end of a rainbow because rainbows are actually optical phenomena that appear when light is refracted, dispersed, and reflected by water droplets in the atmosphere.

Outer space is typically considered to begin around 62 miles (100 kilometers) above Earth's surface, where the Kármán line is located. Beyond this point, the Earth's atmosphere becomes very thin and spacecraft are considered to be in outer space.

The Earth has been described as a "big blue marble" from space.

It has also been said to make astronauts realize that there are issues much bigger than the little problems we face daily, and that we are all part of a "bigger picture", if you can excuse the cliche.

The stratosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. It contains the ozone layer, which plays a crucial role in protecting the Earth from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. The stratosphere is characterized by increasing temperatures with altitude due to the absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer.