Australian Colonial Settlement

A colonial representative is a person elected or selected by the voters in that colony, or selected by the colonial legislature (assembly) to represent the interests of the colonists in the colonial government. The Parliament of Great Britain is the legislative branch of the British government. In the years prior to the American Revolution, the colonists complained that they did not have any representation in the Parliament, therefor Parliament had no legal right to enact laws for the colonies, with the exception of regulating trade. The Parliament answered that the colonies had virtual representation because Parliament (the House of Lords and the House of Commons) represented the entire empire, not any specific area of the British Empire. MrV

After the American colonies were no longer viable as venues for convicts following the American War of Independence, the convicts who were sent to Australia were from Great Britain. They included anyone from England, Scotland, Ireland or Wales who was convicted of crimes such as burglary, fraud or petty theft, but not violent crimes such as manslaughter or murder.

A village built by escaped slaves.

the pacific

wainwright

The initial reaction of the Aborigines was curiosity.

Some thought that the strange white men might be ghosts of their ancestors. After that, there was a mixture of hostility, suspicion and friendliness, depending upon the reactions of the European settlers.

The First Fleet was not the first group of people to introduce new species into Australia (cats are believed to have arrived with Macassan ships in the nort hundreds of years earlier) but the fleet certainly had a major impact on the environment by introducing new species and clearing land of native species.

The people of the First Fleet established the first settlement in Australia. Convicts of the First Fleet were put to work immediately on building projects, particularly roads, and farming. They cleared the land and native plants, and prepared the ground for tilling and planting. By clearing the land, they reduced the number of native herbivores which, in turn, led to a decline in native carnivores. Their own plants started to take over and push out Australian native plants - a problem that stop exists today. A similar situation occurred withthe native fauna. Feral pigs are a huge problem in Australia today, and no doubt this problem was a logical progression from the introduction of the pig as a source of meat. Plenty of non-native mice and rats were aboard the First Fleet as well, and these rodents are now well established in Australia. This was the first example of early settlement impacting upon the pristine natural land and Australia's native flora and fauna.

Henry Parkes had a sister called Maria Parkes

This was William Buckley.

Buckley was a member of the first group of convicts to attempt the first settlement at Sorrento, on the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria. Buckley escaped from custody on 27 December 1803. After unsuccessfully trying to live on his own, he sought the help of the Aborigines, who gladly assisted him, believing he was the returned spirit of a dead warrior. Bluckley only gave himself up to free settler John Batman's landing party on 7 July 1835 in order to keep the peace between the whites and the Aborigines.

The Australian saying "Buckley's chance" means to have a very slim chance, and came about because of Buskley's amazing story of survival in the bush.

Yes, but it was two years before the Second Fleet arrived in 1790. This, too, was essentially a convict fleet, with some free settlers. No other transport ships came in between 1788 and 1790. The Third Fleet followed, but it was not until after that when free settlers' ships began to arrive more regularly.

Sources vary, but the number of female convicts on the First Fleet is estimated to have been between 180 or 189.

The convicts did not have fun. They were only permitted short stints of exercise by walking around on the upper deck occasionally.

The officers had fun, sad to say, by choosing convict women to be their prostitutes for the night.

Thanks to Captain Arthur Phillip, the convicts on the First Fleet were subjected to better conditions than convicts of subsequent fleets. Phillip was, in fact, harsher in his discipline with the marines and sailors than he was with the convicts. He was concerned at all times for the convicts' health, trying to give them sufficient rations of food and water, and allowing them above decks for some exercise and fresh air as often as was possible. He knew that they would be invaluable to the building of the new colony.

Phillip avoided having the convicts come above decks when the ships hit the rainstorms and wild weather once they crossed the equator, because he knew they had no linens or blankets to dry themselves, and he wanted to limit illness among the convicts.

The women were subject to be used promiscuously by the sailors, but in many cases they were quite willing to sell themselves for a bit of extra food.

The marines had fairly close quarters themselves, only they weren't restrained. Their food was the same as that of the convicts but they had more of it. Conditions were best for the officers.

She stole 12 hankies worth 20 shillings and sentenced to 7 years. I believe she was an ancestor of mine. My name is Vivienne Thomson (nee Colpitts) born Co Durham 1951

New Hampshire

The colony of the Moreton Bay District was founded in 1824 when explorer John Oxley arrived at Redcliffe with a crew and 29 convicts. The settlement was established at Humpybong, but abandoned less than a year later when the main settlement was moved 30km away, to the Brisbane River. Another convict settlement was established under the command of Captain Patrick Logan.

On 10 September 1825, the settlement was given the name of Brisbane, but it was still part of the New South Wales territory. The area was opened up for free settlement in 1838, and in 1839, there were calls to cease transportation to Moreton Bay. On 4 May 1842, Moreton Bay was declared a free settlement.

"What was the name of the group of ships that brought the first convicts to New South Wales?"

Cape Town was the last stop for the First Fleet.

There was no significant person named James Macarthur in Australia's history. John Macarthur, however, was one of the pioneers of the Australian wool industry, bringing the first Spanish merino to Australia. Macarthur and his wife, Elizabeth, established Australia as a wool-growing country.

A group of lifeforms that can mate and raise new individuals of their species to further continue said species.

The first settlers arrived in Australia during Australia's mid-Summer.

This statement is partially true. The expression convict colony is somewhat misleading. The main settlements in the other states were established for a variety of reasons including trade route security, preemption of French occupation, resource acquisition. They used convicts as a labour force. It was later that penal establishments were set up in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and Norfolk Island. Western Australia was founded as free settlement, and for the first fifteen years, the people of the colony were opposed to accepting convicts. The idea was debated mostly by those who wanted to employ convict labour for building projects. The first group of convicts to populate Fremantle arrived on 1 June 1850. The Port Phillip District (Victoria) was established by free settlers who were joined by ex-convicts from Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales. South Australia is the only state in Australia not to have had a convict settlement at any time in its history. Governor John Hindmarsh arrived in the new colony on the HMS Buffalo, accompanied only by free settlers. South Australia was officially proclaimed on 19 February 1836 in England. The Old Gum Tree at Glenelg North, South Australia, was the location of the reading of the Proclamation by Governor Hindmarsh on 28 December 1836. Later on, ex-convicts and ticket of leave men arrived and settled there.

They didn't. That was the beauty of colonising Australia, as far as the English were concerned. There was usually no reason for the convicts to return, after serving a term of 7, 14 or 21 years. Australia offered much better opportunities for a secure future.

If a convict did choose to return, the only means was by ship which, by that time, were travelling regularly from Australia.

No. According to the Australian Constitution Referendum Study, 1999, about one in five Australians has convict ancestry.

To begin with, not all e convicts were actually English. People of a variety of nationalities were incarcerated in England and then transported to Australia. The authorities did not discriminate: if someone was caught in criminal activity, they were quickly sentenced and then transported.

Further, many white Australians are descendants of the free settlers who arrived following the establishment of the early penal colonies. These free settlers arrived primarily from England and the rest of the UK, a great many came from Germany and Prussia (from the 1840s), Italy and Greece during the early 19th century, and other countries later on, particularly once the goldrushes started. Many more are descendants of migrants who followed later on.