Biotechnology

70 percent alcohol is used in DNA isolation to help precipitate and purify DNA by promoting its precipitation while removing impurities. Absolute alcohol is used to wash and dehydrate the DNA pellet, helping to remove any remaining contaminants and ensuring the purity of the DNA sample.

The most commonly used method of cloning is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). This involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. The newly formed embryo can then be implanted into a surrogate mother to develop into a clone.

Seventy percent ethanol is commonly used in RNA extraction to wash and remove salts and contaminants from the RNA sample. It helps to purify the RNA by precipitating it out of the solution while leaving behind impurities. Additionally, the 70% ethanol concentration helps minimize RNA degradation during the extraction process.

That would be our good friend Galileo Galilei

Aldosterone is a hormone that affects the concentration of potassium ions in the body. It is produced by the adrenal glands and regulates the levels of sodium and potassium in the blood, leading to increased reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium by the kidneys.

To program a Casio PCR T450 one should refer to the quick start guide and instruction or service manual for proper computation. Casio support indicates the Casio PCR T480 is a tax table register.

Specific proetins can be detected by its specific mono clonal antibody. Primary antibodies specifically binds to the proetins on the membrane. Secondary antibody interact with primary antibody and signals its presence by chemiluminescence.

The purification in molecular sieve chromatography is dependent on the size of the molecules. The small molecules will enter into pores of gel while large molecules will be excluded from the pores.

Gentian violet is used in white blood cell diluting fluid to help stain the nuclei of white blood cells, making them more visible for counting and identification under the microscope. This staining enhances the accuracy of the white blood cell count in a blood sample.

1.The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes.

2.Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing or previously existing human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning; human clones in the form of identical twins are commonplace, with their cloning occurring during the natural process of reproduction. There are two commonly discussed types of human cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.

Gene cloning is the act of making copies of a single gene. Amplified genes are useful in many areas of research and for medical applications such as gene therapy

3.DNA or Reproductive cloning could be used to repopulate endangered animals or animals that are difficult to breed. In 2001, the first clone of an endangered wild animal was born, a wild ox called a gaur. The young gaur died from an infection about 48 hours after its birth. In 2001, scientists in Italy reported the successful cloning of a healthy baby mouflon, an endangered wild sheep. The cloned mouflon is living at a wildlife center in Sardinia. Other endangered species that are potential candidates for cloning include the African bongo antelope, the Sumatran tiger, and the giant panda. Cloning extinct animals presents a much greater challenge to scientists because the egg and the surrogate needed to create the cloned embryo would be of a species different from the clone.

DH5 alpha is a common cloning strain used for general cloning purposes and is known for its high transformation efficiency. BL21 is an expression strain commonly used for protein production due to its use of T7 RNA polymerase for high-level protein expression. The main difference is in their applications, with DH5 alpha used for cloning and BL21 used for protein expression.

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)is a technique used in biology to create more copies of a DNA sequence. To understand better access a biology textbook or take a course at college to fully understand the complexities.

When choosing a vector for a gene therapy trial, factors to consider include the vector's stability and safety profile, its ability to efficiently deliver the therapeutic gene to target cells, immune responses it may elicit, its potential for integration into the host genome, and its manufacturing scalability. Additionally, compatibility with the specific gene therapy approach, target tissue, and potential regulatory considerations are important factors to take into account.

The thermostable polymerase (or Taq polymerase) is a thermostable DNA polymerase (named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Thomas D. Brock in 1965), is often abbreviated to "Taq Pol" (or simply "Taq"), and is frequently used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Taq polymerase is as an enzyme able to withstand the protein-denaturing conditions (high temperature) required during PCR; Therefore it replaced the DNA polymerase from E. coli originally used in PCR. Taq's optimum temperature for activity is 75-80°C, with a half-life of greater than 2 hours at 92.5°C, 40 minutes at 95°C and 9 minutes at 97.5°C, and can replicate a 1000 base pair strand of DNA in less than 10 seconds at 72°C.

Invented by Kary Mullis in 1983, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has grown to become a core technology in modern genetics. In genetic engineering PCR is typically used to amplify a marker for diagnostic applications or a gene of interest for insertion into an expression vector.

A frameshift mutation is caused by adding one nucleotide into the middle of a sequence. This type of mutation alters the reading frame of the genetic code, leading to a completely different amino acid sequence downstream of the insertion point.

Recombinant DNA technology requires fragments of DNA from the source genome. Using crude methods such as mechanical shearing, we get random fragments of DNA, and their sequence is unknown. Restriction enzymes are specific in site recognition and cutting and their discovery lead to proper fragments of DNA which have some known sequences.

RT-PCR stands for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. It is a molecular biology technique used to amplify and quantify RNA molecules by converting them into complementary DNA (cDNA) and then amplifying the cDNA using PCR. RT-PCR is commonly used in gene expression analysis, viral detection, and diagnostic testing.

Real-time PCR, also known as quantitative PCR (qPCR), has been around since the mid-1990s. It gained popularity for its ability to monitor the amplification of DNA during the PCR process in real time, providing quantitative data on DNA or RNA targets.

Endospore formation has not been considered as a mode of reproduction. During adverse conditions, vegetative cells form endospore, which on the availability of favourable conditions will absorb water and germinate to form the vegetative cells again. Endosopres are thick walled structures. Under unfavourable conditions the endospore are non porous and resistant to high salt and acidic conditions which the normal vegetative cells are sensitive to. Often the vegetative cell loses the major part of its cytoplasm to form an endospore. Thus the endospore consists of only the genetic material surrounded by minimum quantity of cytoplasm.

Biotechnology involves using living organisms or their products to develop new products, processes, or technologies to improve our lives. It can be applied in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental management.

Substage illumination refers to light directed upward from below the specimen, typically used in brightfield microscopy. Epi-illumination, on the other hand, involves light being directed onto the specimen from above at an angle, commonly used in fluorescence microscopy to excite fluorophores.

Agarose gel electrophoresis is primarily used for separating and analyzing nucleic acids based on their size, as it provides good resolution for DNA and RNA molecules. However, proteins have different properties (charge, size, and shape) compared to nucleic acids, making agarose gel less suitable for protein analysis. For protein analysis, techniques like SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing are commonly used, as they are designed specifically for separating proteins based on their size, charge, and isoelectric point.