C++ Programming

C Plus Plus, or C++ is an intermediate-level computer programming language. It was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979. You can practice C Plus Plus at a site such as Cprogramming.

It isn't actually possible to generate factorials for negative and/or non-integer numbers.

However, a function for non-negative integers is:

unsigned int factorial(unsigned int n)

{

if(n==0)

{

return 1;

}

return n * factorial(n-1);

}

When an object is passed to a function by pointer, a copy of the pointer's value is passed to the function. Pointers are always passed by value, but because the value is a memory address than can be dereferenced, they enable us to pass objects by reference. In languages such as C which have no concept of references, this was the only way to pass by reference. C++ introduced proper references (aliases for existing objects), thus when we want to pass by reference we can choose to use a pointer or an actual reference. Normally we'd only pass by pointer when passing an optional argument that defaults to NULL when no argument is given. Otherwise we pass by reference because references can never be NULL.

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Escape sequence is the question of I.T related technology

Escape sequence is the question of C++ Language........

Please answer this question # defines the following character escape sequences: * \' - single quote, needed for character literals * \" - double quote, needed for string literals * \\ - backslash * \0 - Unicode character 0 * \a - Alert (character 7) * \b - Backspace (character 8) * \f - Form feed (character 12) * \n - New line (character 10) * \r - Carriage return (character 13) * \t - Horizontal tab (character 9) * \v - Vertical quote (character 11) * \uxxxx - Unicode escape sequence for character with hex value xxxx * \xn[n][n][n] - Unicode escape sequence for character with hex value nnnn (variable length version of \uxxxx) * \Uxxxxxxxx - Unicode escape sequence for character with hex value xxxxxxxx (for generating surrogates

A consumer.

In 1991 Oak was created by the members of the Green Project which included James Gosling (Chief Programmer) , Patrick Naughton and Mike Sheridan.

Patenting issues gave a new name to Oke -Java

The while loop is a pre-condition loop.  It tests the condition at the beginning of each loop, executes the loop if it is true, and goes back to the test after executing each iteration.

Suppose that you wish to write a function in C to compute the maximum of two numbers. One way would be to say:

int max(int a, int b) { return (a > b ? a : b); } But calling a frequently-used function can be a bit slow, and so you instead use a macro:

#define max(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b)) The extra parentheses are required to handle cases like:

max(a = b, c = d) This approach can work pretty well. But it is error-prone due to the extra parentheses and also because of side effects like:

max(a++, b++) An alternative in C++ is to use inline functions:

inline int max(int a, int b) { return (a > b ? a : b); } Such a function is written just like a regular C or C++ function. But it IS a function and not simply a macro; macros don't really obey the rules of C++ and therefore can introduce problems. Note also that one could use C++ templates to write this function, with the argument types generalized to any numerical type.

Suppose that you wish to write a function in C to compute the maximum of two numbers. One way would be to say:

int max(int a, int b) { return (a > b ? a : b); } But calling a frequently-used function can be a bit slow, and so you instead use a macro:

#define max(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b)) The extra parentheses are required to handle cases like:

max(a = b, c = d) This approach can work pretty well. But it is error-prone due to the extra parentheses and also because of side effects like:

max(a++, b++) An alternative in C++ is to use inline functions:

inline int max(int a, int b) { return (a > b ? a : b); } Such a function is written just like a regular C or C++ function. But it IS a function and not simply a macro; macros don't really obey the rules of C++ and therefore can introduce problems. Note also that one could use C++ templates to write this function, with the argument types generalized to any numerical type.

A function is not deigned in to another function. It is because that would lead to dependency injection.

It's hardly the most efficient way to sort integers. Integers are primitive data types, so it's actually quicker to sort the integers directly rather than point at them. Pointers just add an unnecessary level of indirection. Pointers should only be used for complex data types for which copying/moving would result in greater inefficiency than would otherwise be incurred through pointer manipulation.

#include<iostream>

#include<vector>

int main()

{

// instantiate a vector of unsorted integers

std::vector<int> v = {7,3,5,2,9,4,1,6,8};

// instantiate a vector of pointers to the integers in the vector

std::vector<int*> p;

for (size_t i=0; i<v.size(); ++i)

p.push_back (&v[i]);

// sort the pointers (uses insertion sort algorithm):

for (size_t i=1; i<p.size(); ++i)

{

int* x=p[i];

size_t gap = i;

size_t pre = i-1;

while (gap && *x<*p[pre])

{

p[gap--] = p[pre--];

}

p[gap]=x;

}

// print to prove the sorting worked:

std::cout << "Original order:\t\t\t";

for (size_t i=0; i<v.size(); ++i)

std::cout << v[i] << '\t';

std::cout<<std::endl;

std::cout << "Sorted order (by pointer):\t";

for (size_t i=0; i<p.size(); ++i)

std::cout << *p[i] << '\t';

std::cout<<std::endl;

}

#include<iostream>

int main()

{

unsigned num = 25; // or use user-input to assign the value

unsigned root = sqrt ((double) num)

std::cout << "The square root of " << num << " is " << root;

}

#include<iostream>

void num_to_years_weeks_days(

unsigned num, unsigned& years,

unsigned& weeks, unsigned& days)

{

years = num / 365;

num -= years * 365;

weeks = num / 7;

num -= weeks * 7;

days = num;

}

int main()

{

unsigned years, weeks, days;

unsigned num = 1000;

num_to_years_weeks_days(num, years, weeks, days);

std::cout << num << " days is " << years << " years, " << weeks << " weeks and " << days << " days\n" << std::endl;

num = 12345;

std::cout << num << " days is " << years << " years, " << weeks << " weeks and " << days << " days\n" << std::endl;

}

If you know that the number input will always be three digits:

output = 10 * (int)(input / 100) + (input % 10);

If you want to idiot proof it (eg. too many digits):

output = 10 * (int)((input % 1000) / 100) + (input % 10);

A singly-linked list is ideally suited to stacks (last in, first out). The list maintains a link with the head node in the list and each node points to the next node in the list (the last node points to NULL). When a new node is added it is added to the head of the list. Since enqueue and dequeue both occur at the head of the list, processing is always in constant time [O(1)].

With slight modification (maintaining a pointer to the tail node as well as the head), singly-linked lists can also be used for queues (first in first out). Processing remains constant time [O(1)].

However, random access and search are both linear [O(n/2) and O(n) respectively]. While the list can be modified to maintain a sorted list, insert and seek times still average [O(n/2)].

Overloads cannot differ by return type alone. The only way to achieve this is to use output arguments. Since the implementation is exactly the same regardless of the output type, you can use a function template to generate the overloads.

#include<iostream>

#include<sstream>

template<typename T>

bool convert(std::string& s, T& value)

{

std::stringstream ss;

ss << s;

if (ss >> value)

return true;

return false;

}

int main()

{

int i;

float f;

std::string s {"3.14"};

if (convert (s, i))

std::cout << '"' << s << "" = " << i << std::endl;

if (convert (s, f))

std::cout << '"' << s << "" = " << f << std::endl;

}

Output:

"3.14" = 3

"3.14" = 3.14

An adapter is a class that subclasses a commonly used class or interface with reasonable default functions provided. For example, the WindowAdapter provides a quick solution that provides default do-nothing functions for 4 common interfaces that a GUI would use. Typically, a developer only needs one or two functions from WindowEvent, for example, but without an adapter, they are required to implement seven functions (with five or six of them "do-nothing" functions), instead of just using an adapter and providing the one or two function bodies they do need.

There are several ways to implement this, however the basic principal is to sort the doubles in ascending order and return the middle element (in this case the 2nd element). The simplest implementation uses a 3-element array which is then sorted using an insertion sort, as shown in the following example.

#include<iostream>

#include<list>

double median(double& x, double& y, double& z)

{

// initialise the array

double a[3] = { x, y, z };

// sort the array

for(int i=1; i<3; ++i)

{

int hole=i;

int prev=hole-1;

double cur=a[hole];

while(hole && cur<a[prev])

{

a[hole]=a[prev];

--hole, --prev;

}

a[hole]=cur;

}

// return the middle element.

return( a[1] );

}

int main()

{

using namespace std;

double a, b, c;

a = 0.9;

b = 0.1;

c = 0.5;

cout<<"a="<<a<<endl;

cout<<"b="<<b<<endl;

cout<<"c="<<c<<endl;

cout<<"median="<<median(a,b,c)<<endl;

return(0);

}

Output:

a=0.9

b=0.1

c=0.5

median=0.5

It should be noted that when dealing with an even number of elements (such as 4 or 6), then there is no middle element, so you therefore need take the mean of the two middle elements instead. So if the sorted numbers are 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.9, then the median is the mean of 0.2 and 0.5, which is 0.35 (e.g., ( 0.2 + 0.5 ) / 2).

VC++ is packed with tools including error lookup and ATL/MFC trace amongst many others. The Windows SDK adds a few more tools, as does SQL server and any other supported development tools. You can also create your own tools and add third-party tools, such as Axialis IconWorkshop, resource editors, help file/documentation editors and so on. Many developers have produced many useful (and expensive) development tools for VC++ over the years so if you can't find a particular tool that meets your requirements on the Internet then it simply doesn't exist.

No.

Protected class people are popularly known as Diversity or multicultural people.

American Diversity protected class people include...

Afro-American

Women

Jewish

LGBT

Hispanic & Latino

Asian

Disabled

Native American

Protected class people are historically oppressed by the white supremacist - white-male-gentile-straight-gringo-occidental-ablebodied-settler.

Static variables or function provides global view to the application that is u can access a static variable with one or more than one objects of a single class without loosing i.e. reinitializing its value.

The header, io.h, is part of the standard C library and contains declarations for file handling and I/O functions. The file has no practical purpose in C++; it is only included because it was required prior to C++ standardisation. However, it can be used when writing C-style programs and libraries in C++.