C Programming

you can put the printf function inside a if() so that you need not use semicolons. for eg to print my name, if(printf("My Name is Maheedharan")) {} this will work. try this out...

Applications of graph theory are primarily, but not exclusively, concerned with labeled graphs and various specializations of these.

Structures that can be represented as graphs are ubiquitous, and many problems of practical interest can be represented by graphs. The link structure of a website could be represented by a directed graph: the vertices are the web pages available at the website and a directed edge from page A to page B exists if and only if A contains a link to B. A similar approach can be taken to problems in travel, biology, computer chip design, and many other fields. The development of algorithms to handle graphs is therefore of major interest in computer science. There, the transformation of graphs is often formalized and represented by graph rewrite systems. They are either directly used or properties of the rewrite systems(e.g. confluence) are studied.

A graph structure can be extended by assigning a weight to each edge of the graph. Graphs with weights, or weighted graphs, are used to represent structures in which pairwise connections have some numerical values. For example if a graph represents a road network, the weights could represent the length of each road. A digraph with weighted edges in the context of graph theory is called a network.

Networks have many uses in the practical side of graph theory, network analysis (for example, to model and analyze traffic networks). Within network analysis, the definition of the term "network" varies, and may often refer to a simple graph.

Many applications of graph theory exist in the form of network analysis. These split broadly into three categories. Firstly, analysis to determine structural properties of a network, such as the distribution of vertex degrees and the diameter of the graph. A vast number of graph measures exist, and the production of useful ones for various domains remains an active area of research. Secondly, analysis to find a measurable quantity within the network, for example, for a transportation network, the level of vehicular flow within any portion of it. Thirdly, analysis of dynamical properties of networks.

Graph theory is also used to study molecules in chemistry and physics. In condensed matter physics, the three dimensional structure of complicated simulated atomic structures can be studied quantitatively by gathering statistics on graph-theoretic properties related to the topology of the atoms. For example, Franzblau's shortest-path (SP) rings. In chemistry a graph makes a natural model for a molecule, where vertices represent atoms and edges bonds. This approach is especially used in computer processing of molecular structures, ranging from chemical editors to database searching.

Graph theory is also widely used in sociology as a way, for example, to measure actors' prestige or to explore diffusion mechanisms, notably through the use of social network analysis software.

Likewise, graph theory is useful in biology and conservation efforts where a vertex can represent regions where certain species exist (or habitats) and the edges represent migration paths, or movement between the regions. This information is important when looking at breeding patterns or tracking the spread of disease, parasites or how changes to the movement can affect other species.

The process of moving all marked nodes to one end of memory and all available memory to other end is called compaction. Algorithm which performs compaction is called compacting algorithm.

That is STANDARD input and STANDARD output.

By default, standard input is the keyboard, and standard output is the screen. Standard I/O is set by the operating system, though it may be redirected by script invocation or system commands within the C/C++ program itself. You could, for instance, set standard output to a printer or a file in lieu of a screen.

You should also Google Standard Error.

The ascii value of zero - is 48.

In queue insertion takes place on rear end and deletion takes place on front end.

INSERTION(QUEUE,N,FRONT,REAR,ITEM) :QUEUE is the name of a array on which we are implementing the queue having size N.

view comlete ans at

http://mcabcanotes.in/algorithm-to-perform-insertion-and-deletion-in-a-queue/

foreach char in string

push on to stack

create new string

foreach char in string

pop off and add to end of new string

if new string equals old string

palindrome

else not palindrome

//when you pop off the stack, the characters come off in reverse order, thus you have reversed the original string

Void ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume of the void space compared to the volume of the solid particles.

C comes from B & B comes from BCPL........... TO overcome the problems of BCPL they developed B (First char of BCPL)....& B also has some disadvantages so they go for next level i.e, B's next Letter .........:::::::C ..........then v called it as C language. C comes from B & B comes from BCPL........... TO overcome the problems of BCPL they developed B (First char of BCPL)....& B also has some disadvantages so they go for next level i.e, B's next Letter .........:::::::C ..........then v called it as C language.

/*implementing two stacks in 1 array*/ #include #include #include int size,top1=-1,top2,a[100]; void push(); void pop(); void peep(); void main() { int i,ch; char c='y'; clrscr(); printf("\Enter size:"); scanf("%d",&size); top2=size; while(c=='y') { clrscr(); printf("\n ###### MENU #####\n"); printf("\n1: push"); printf("\n2: pop"); printf("\n3: peep"); printf("\n4: exit") ; printf("\n Enter choice:"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%d",&ch); switch(ch) { case 1:push(); break; case 2:pop(); break; case 3:peep(); break; case 4:exit(0); default:printf("\n wrong choice"); } printf("\n Another operation(y/n):"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&c); } exit(0); getch(); } void push() { int item,ch; if(top1+1==top2) { printf("stack is full "); printf("\n cant push "); } else { printf("\nEnter item to be inserted:"); scanf("%d",&item); printf("\n enter choice(1 for stack1 else stack2):"); scanf("%d",&ch); if(ch==1) { top1++; a[top1]=item; } else { top2--; a[top2]=item; } } } void pop() { int ch; printf("\n Enter from which stack u want to pop(1 for stack1/else stack2):"); scanf("%d",&ch); if(ch==1) { if(top1==-1) printf("\n cant delete from stack 1 its empty"); else printf("\n item deleted is:%d" ,a[top1--]); } else { if(top2==size) printf("\n cant delete from s2its empty"); else printf("\n item deleted is: %d" ,a[top2++]); } } void peep() { int i; printf("\n stck 1:" ); for(i=0;i=top2;i--) printf(" %d",a[i]); }

The getchar() function gets a single character from stdin.

Here is a very basic example:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

char ch;

do {

ch = getchar();

putchar(ch);

} while (ch != ';');

return 0;

}

It reads from data you input and prints it again of the screen after you press key. It works until it reaches ";" symbol.

The getchar() function is equivalent to getc(stdin).

Derived data is data that is copied or enhanced from operational data sources into an informational database. This is in the information catalog center.

A lower case c with a horizontal line above it means "with". This character might be seen as instructions for medication "should be taken "with" food"

Compatible data types are data types that are intrinsically the same. For instance,

typedef int myint;

myint x = 0x7fffffff;

int y = x; // x and y are the same type, so assignment is permitted.

int * p = &x; // compatible, p points to x.

*p = y; // compatible, but y is a value, not a memory address.

short z = x; // compatible, but z will be truncated to -1.

z is -1 because x appears in memory in reverse order: 0xffffff7f. Since z is only two bytes in length it is equal to 0xffff after assignment, which equates to -1.

Pointer to Pointer is a double pointer, denoted by (**). Pointer stores the address of the variable and pointer to pointer stores the address of a pointer variable and syntax can be given as int **ptr2ptr;

The pointer that points to a block of memory that does not exist is called a dazzling pointer or wild pointer

About 11,460 years

c: A static function is visible only in the source file containing it. A static member is not defined. c++: A static function is visible only in the source file containing it. A static member variable is common to all instances of a class. A static member function is used to access static members.

inc bx ; next char.

loop upper_case

; int 21h / ah=09h - output of a string at ds:dx.

; string must be terminated by '$' sign.

lea dx, string+2

mov ah, 09h

int 21h

jmp start ; loop

; wait for any key press....

mov ah, 0

int 16h

null:

ret

== == What is printf in c or prototype of printf with example

(q) What is prototype of printf function ? Explain each term.

Ans: Prototype of printf function is :

int printf( const char *format ,…)

Explanation of each term :

Parameter of printf function is :

(three continuous dots) : It is called ellipsis. It indicates the variable number of

arguments.

Example of ellipsis:

#include

void ellipsis(int a,...);

void main()

{

int a=5,b=10;

clrscr();

ellipsis(a,b);

getch();

}

void ellipsis(int a,...)

{

printf("%d ",a);

}

Output:5

So printf function can have any number of variables as an argument.