Cellular Respiration

In prokaryotes, cellular respiration primarily occurs in the cell membrane, as they lack mitochondria. The cell membrane contains the necessary proteins and enzymes for the electron transport chain and ATP production. Additionally, the cytoplasm plays a role in glycolysis, which is the first step of cellular respiration.

Yes, plants perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. During photosynthesis, they convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen. However, for their metabolic processes and to release energy from glucose, plants also undergo cellular respiration, which occurs in their mitochondria. This process is essential for growth, reproduction, and other vital functions, especially at night when photosynthesis cannot occur.

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are interconnected processes that reflect each other in terms of reactants and products. In photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight, while in cellular respiration, organisms break down glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. Essentially, the products of photosynthesis serve as the reactants for cellular respiration and vice versa, highlighting their complementary roles in the energy cycle of ecosystems.

At the beginning of cellular respiration, energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose molecules. When glucose is broken down during glycolysis, this stored energy is released and transformed into usable forms, such as ATP, through subsequent processes like the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, other molecules, like NADH and FADH2, also capture some of this energy for later use in the electron transport chain.

In mitochondria, hydrogen ions (protons) are actively pumped into the intermembrane space from the mitochondrial matrix during the electron transport chain process. This occurs primarily through the action of complexes I, III, and IV, which utilize the energy released from electron transfers to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space creates a proton gradient, which drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase as protons flow back into the matrix.

Bromothymol Blue is a pH indicator that changes color in response to acidity levels. During cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is produced, which reacts with water to form carbonic acid, lowering the pH of the solution. By measuring the color change in Bromothymol Blue, you can indirectly assess the rate of cellular respiration: a faster rate of respiration will result in a quicker color change due to increased production of carbon dioxide. Thus, monitoring the color shift provides a visual representation of the cellular respiration rate.

It produces a lot more energy than simple fermentation. On the down side it requires oxygen which isn't always there. There is a complete breakdown of glucose during this process.

Animal cell respire because of the energy generated by cellular respiration

Cellular respiration primarily produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as its main products. It does not produce glucose, as glucose is consumed during the process to generate energy. Additionally, substances like oxygen are not produced; instead, they are utilized in the process. Thus, glucose and oxygen are not products of cellular respiration.

Glucose is used to make ATP in a cell. There are three major steps.

First glucose is broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvates in glycolysis. Two ATP are used to start this chain of reactions. The reaction produces 4 ATP (with a net of 2 ATP). It also produces 4 NADH from 4 NAD+. This step took place outside the mitochondrion. For the next phase it will move inside.

Next, in aerobic respiration (this is probably what your mean), each of the 2 pyruvates will go through the Citric Acid/Krebs cycle. So multiply the products for one pyruvate by two to get the products for the full glucose. Here the pyruvates are first converted to Acetal CoA to prepare for the cycle, producing 1 NADH and 1 CO2. After completing the cycle (ending with oxaloacetate), the pyruvate will have produced 3 more NADH, 1 FADH2 from FAD+, and 1 ATP. So far, the total products are 4 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH.

Now these enter the electron transport chain. In the ETC, one FADH2 to FAD+ will result in roughly 2 ATP and one NADH to NAD+ will result in 3. Because of how this phase is set up, these are only averages. The real number of ATP depends on the efficiency of the mitochondrion.

The 10 NADH from the previous steps will produce 30 ATP and the 2 FADH2 will produce 4. Add this with the other 4 ATP and you will end up with 38 ATP. This is the maximum amount. You will often see 38-36 ATP because of complications between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Most mitochondria will produce somewhere around 30 ATP because not all mitochondria are special.

If it is anaerobic then the process basically stops after glycolysis. The cell tries to free up some of the NADH so more glycolysis can occur.

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration, allowing for the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. It helps in breaking down glucose molecules to release energy in the form of ATP through a series of metabolic reactions. Oxygen is essential for the efficient production of ATP in aerobic respiration.

PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) appears in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis, where it is produced from the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate. It is not directly involved in cellular respiration, but its further conversion to glucose and other carbohydrates in plants provides the energy source for respiration in both plants and animals.

Glycolysis is the process that is not part of cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell. While glycolysis produces some ATP, the majority of ATP production occurs in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

The byproducts of cellular respiration are carbon dioxide and water. These byproducts are produced as a result of the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to generate energy in the form of ATP.

Aerobic cellular respiration involves four main processes: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, and the electron transport chain. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate. The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvate to generate ATP and NADH. Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain use NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP, the cell's main energy source.

Photosynthesis yeilds carbohydrate and O2.Respiration yeild ATP and CO2.

Photosynthesis:

carbon dioxide + water (+ sunlight) -------> oxygen + glucose

Aerboic Respiration:

oxygen + glucose ------> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

So yes the products of photosynthesis are the raw materials of AEROBIC respiration.

In cells, energy metabolism is regulated such that the rate of ATP supply pathways will balance the rate of ATP demand pathways. This regulation is done in such a way so that the ATP/ADP levels and the levels of other intermediates involved in respiratory pathways are kept with narrow ranges. This is important because even though the rate of ATP supply and demand can change by several orders of magnitude, the ATP/ADP remains almost unchanged. This is achieved by simultaneous regulation and some 'fine tuning" regulation of supply and demand pathways. For example in muscular contraction will increase the energy demand and increase in demand relative to supply will decrease the ATP/ADP ratio which can activate ATP supply pathways. This type of regulation alone is not sufficient cause as you see the ATP/ADP ratio has to decrease first before any change is made in supply pathways, and in cases where this is a large increase in ATP demand, this decrease will be substantial. So, simultaneous regulation by Ca2+ which is a signal for muscular contraction can activate both supply and demand at the same time so that little change in ATP/ADP ratio is needed and metabolic homeostasis can be achieved

The body needs glucose and oxygen to carry out cellular respiration. Glucose is the primary source of energy, and oxygen is needed as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain to produce ATP.

The main organelle used in cellular respiration is the mitochondrion. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell, through the process of cellular respiration.

Yes, cellular respiration can occur without photosynthesis. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from food molecules, while photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. Organisms like animals rely on cellular respiration to produce energy without needing photosynthesis.

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose with the use of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. Anaerobic respiration, on the other hand, does not require oxygen and produces energy through the breakdown of glucose without the use of oxygen, resulting in the production of lactic acid or ethanol as byproducts.

In aerobic cellular respiration, the reactants are glucose and oxygen, which are converted into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP molecules. This process occurs in the presence of oxygen and is the most efficient way for cells to produce energy. In anaerobic cellular respiration, the reactants are glucose alone, and the products can include lactic acid, ethanol, and ATP. This process occurs in the absence of oxygen and is less efficient in terms of ATP production compared to aerobic respiration.

C6H12O6 (glucose) is relevant to both of these processes, because...

Glucose is the end product of photosynthesis. After generating ATP and NADPH from the "light reactions" in the electron transport chain, both these molecules (ATP and NADPH) go on to power the Calvin Cycle, or "dark reaction". The end product of the Calvin Cycle is a molecule of G3P, which is made into glucose.

Cellular respiration is essentially the "inverse" of photosynthesis- where photosynthesis makes glucose, cellular respiration breaks it down into ATP, so that it might be used by the cell. There is aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, which occur differently, but the common goal of the two processes is to break down glucose. Glycolysis precedes cellular respiration itself, which is the actual process of breaking down the glucose molecules into pyruvate.

Yes, and it does all the time, but some other energy source is required. For one thing, all animal cells undergo cellular respiration without photosynthesis, as do all anaerobic bacteria (yeasts, etc.), and many plants and animals that grow on thermal vents on the bottom of the ocean. Instead of getting energy from light, they use chemical energy (animals and yeasts) or geothermal (heat) energy, such as in the case of aquatic organisms on heat vents.