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Computer Aided Design
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the act of using computers to design an object. CAD techniques follow standard engineering design and drafting procedures, but use a computer to help speed up the process.
1,069 Questions
The trimmer resistor is a calibration device used to correct (trim) the resistance of some other resistor. An example might be the feedback loop of an op-amp in common mode. If you wanted a gain of two, you might use a resistor divider with a two to one ratio. Resistors have tolerance, however, so the stated value will not be exact. You place a trimmer resistor in series with one of the other resistors, picking the value so that, if the two other resitors were exact, the trimmer is set to midpoint, and that the trimmer's range covers the expected tolerance of the other resistors. Then you calibrate the circuit to the expected gain using the trimmer.
How can your outline help you if you get stuck while drafting?
Your outline helps you see the organizational path that you have already set.
Your outline lets you review your original ideas.
Why is input waveform from a transformer altered from a pure sine wave?
The input waveform from a transformer is altered from a pure sine wave because the load is not purely resistive, meaning in this case that it is not "continuous". Many loads do not pull current "all the time" during each line cycle. A power supply, for instance, only pulls current when the filter capacitor is being charged by the rectifier. This is because the rectifier biases on to charge the capacitor to the peak value of the input waveform, then the capacitor discharges at a rate dependent on load while the rectifier is biased off, until the voltage intersects the next rising input wave. This means the current load on the transformer is actually pulsing on and off. (This is true for both linear and switching power supplies, although you can reduce the pulsing with appropriate inductance in the filter circuit and a more complex design.) Since the AC supply is not "perfect", i.e. having a Thevanin equivalent series resistance of more than zero ohms, along with cables that do not have zero ohms, along with transformers that are not "perfect", this pulsing current induces a pulsing deviation in the input AC waveform. This effect can be observed even without a transformer in the circuit, but transformers make it more measureable, because the transformers introduce additional "inperfection".
State the imitation of ohm's law?
imitation of ohms law is that it can be applied only to linear devices it cannot be allowed to non linear devices...
What is the Difference between conceptual and technical design?
Conceptual Design
• written in customer's language
• explaining the observable external characteristics of
the system
• contains no technical jargon (If it does, define it.)
• describes the functions of the system
• is independent of implementation
• is linked to the requirements documents
Technical design
• describes of major hardware components and their
functions
• shows hierarchy (organization) and functions of the
software components
• shows data structures and data flow
• shows interfaces
What is a plane in auto cad terms?
Plane is the area provided to us for drawing in autoCAD. It may be of 2 types 2D plane or 3D plane, while viewing a 2D plane we can only see a 2D view of our drawing and on a 3D plane a 3D model created in autoCAD can be viewed.
List and describe the different coordinate entry methods available in AutoCAD?
AutoCAD Coordinate Entry Methods
Absolute Method: (X,Y)
Absolute Cartesian coordinates specify a point's exact distance from the origin point of
the coordinate system, which is represented as (0,0). The absolute X and Y coordinates
are signed numbers.
Relative Method: (@X,Y)
Relative Cartesian coordinates specify a point's exact distance from the last point that
was entered.
For example, typing @4,2 tells AutoCAD to locate a point that is four X units and two Y
units away from the last point entered. The X and Y relative coordinates are signed
numbers.
Direct distance entry is a shorthand relative coordinate entry method.
Polar Method: (@Distance
Polar coordinates specify a point's exact location by a distance and angle from the last
point that was entered. The distance is always positive and the angle is measured from the
positive X axis.
For example, typing @4<45 tells AutoCAD to locate a point that is four units away from
the current location and at an angle of 45 degrees from the horizontal.
ABSOLUTE COORDINATE
What is the term PS in engine power?
PS is a German unit for horse power.
This unit (German: Pferdestärke = horse strength) is no longer a statutory unit, but is still commonly used in Europe, South America and Japan, especially by the automotive and motorcycle industry. It was adopted throughout continental Europe with designations equivalent to the English horsepower, but mathematically different from the British unit. It is defined by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)[8] in Braunschweig as exactly:1 PS = 75 kilopond-meters per second(75 kp·m/s)×(9.80665 N/kp) = 735.49875 N·m/s ≈ 735.5 N·m/s ≈ 735.5 W ≈ 0.7355 kW ≈ 0.98632 hp (SAE)
The PS was adopted by the Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) and then by the automotive industry throughout most of Europe, under varying names. In 1992, the PS was rendered obsolete by EEC directives, when it was replaced by the kilowatt as the official power measuring unit. It is still in use for commercial and advertising purposes, in addition to the kW rating, as many customers are not familiar with the use of kilowatts for engines.
What are Shapes in Design?
Shapes are a basic element of design. They are made up of closed contours and three dimensional objects placed in the design. Shapes are used to convey meaning and organize information. Shapes can be 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional.
There are three basic types of shapes:
· geometric shapes
· natural shapes
· abstract shapes
Use of Shapes in Design:
Shapes in design can be used in many ways:
· add interest to a design
· sustain interest
· organize or separate elements
· direct the eye through the design
Geometric Shapes:
Geometric shapes are what most people think of when they think of shapes. Most geometric shapes are created through layout and CSS. Some common geometric shapes you see on Web pages are:
· squares and rectangles
· circles
· triangles
· diamonds
Natural Shapes:
Natural shapes are shapes that are found in nature, but they are also shapes of man-made items. Most natural shapes in Web pages are created with images. Some examples of natural shapes are:
· leaves
· puddles
Abstract Shapes:
Abstract shapes are those that have a recognizable form but are not "real" in the same way that natural shapes are. For example, a stick-figure drawing of a dog is an abstract dog shape, but another dog in a photo is a natural shape. Abstract shapes in designs are usually added through images. Some examples of abstract shapes are:
· alphabet glyphs
· symbols
What does cad mean in incoterms?
CAD is a self-made Incoterm like FOC (free of charge)
It doesn't exsist in Incoterms 2010.
The correct Incoterms 2010 are:
EXW ex works
FCA Free carrier
CPT Carriage paid to
CIP Carriage and insurance paid
DAT Delivered at terminal
DAP Delivered at place
DDP Deivered duty paid
FAS Free alongside ship
FOB Free on board
CFR Cost and freight
CIF Cost insurance and freight
Can it mean Cash Against Documents?
What are the advantages of autocad over manual drafting?
- Three Dimensional Modeling: Creating 3D models manually is a very difficult and tiresome job. 3D CAD packages have many more powerful features for creating the 3D models easily.
- Easy to Modify: Modifying the CAD geometry is easy; you will always have "copy", "cut", "paste", "delete", "move" or some similar editing options available with each of the packages.
- Easy to Reproduce: Draftsmen used to take days to complete a drawing by manual drafting, and reproducing the drawing meant recreating the drawing from the beginning. But, in case of the CAD, you can reproduce the drawing in no time and make as many copies as you want.
- Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM): The 3D CAD geometry is used as input for the CAM packages for generating NC codes. The manual drawings cannot be used for CAM packages.
- Computer Aided Engineering (CAE): The 3D CAD geometry is used as input for the CAE packages. The CAE packages can simulate the loading conditions and tell whether the CAD geometry can withstand the real loading or not. The drawings created manually cannot be used for CAE.
- Simulation of the Mechanisms: The 3D CAD geometry can be used for simulating the mechanism, thus you can check the functionality of a machine without investing in prototype building. Manual drawings cannot be used for mechanism simulation.
- Database Creation: The CAD files can be used to create a PDM/PLM database. Once created, the CAD database can be accessed through a wide area network. The drawings created by manual drafting can only be stored locally.
- Logical: CAD models or geometry entities are logically connected, or in other words you cannot create a CAD model which is not possible practically. The drawings created by the manual drafting method do not have such checks, and you can create anything.
- Environment Friendly: Manual drawings are necessarily created on paper, but the CAD drawings can be stored and used electronically without using paper.
- Access Control: Some of the drawings and design documents are very crucial for a company's business, and such drawings should not be accessible to all. Providing access controls of such drawings are easy for the CAD drawings, and the access level can be defined for each CAD drawings. Strict access control and maintaining confidentiality is difficult for the manual drawings.
How do you bring a woofer effect in 2.0 speaker?
A: 2" speaker I imagine. there is no way. to move air at low frequency requires air volume. However if 20 2" speakers are attached to the same membrane it will work,
Manual drawings are usually hand drawn on mylar sheets using a drafting table. Computer aided can mean several things. Using the computer to simulate a drafting table, or solid modeling that can be copied to the machines of many. This would include CAD for design engineers, CAM for manufacturing people, CAQ for quality control, etc.
Where do you find your request code for AutoCAD 2010?
From Autodesk or on the product if you bought it. If you have an illegal copy, well your life of crime will only continue if you can figure that out for yourself, but I'll give you a clue to set you on way down the path of civil misbehaviour you may have embarked on, you need a keygen (key generator).
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of sky x technology?
One advantage of Sky X technology is it's ability to minimize the loss of data. A disadvantage to Sky X is the fact that everyone doesn't have access to it.
What has 3d modeling impacted on regular modeling?
3d modeling will soon take over and replace regular models with the use of 3d printing.
What is the difference Between under reinforced section and over reinforced section?
When the maximum stresses in steel and concrete simultaniously reaches allowable value the section is called balanced section when the %of steel in a section is less than that required for a balanced section it is under reinforced section when the %of steel in a section is more than that required for a balanced section it is over reinforced section
over reinforcement is as per section design I.e Ast1+Ast2>Ast Ast1+Ast2 An under-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tensile reinforcement is smaller than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (under-reinforced at tensile face). When the reinforced concrete element is subject to increasing bending moment, the tension steel yields while the concrete does not reach its ultimate failure condition. As the tension steel yields and stretches, an "under-reinforced" concrete also yields in a ductile manner, exhibiting a large deformation and warning before its ultimate failure. In this case the yield stress of the steel governs the design. An over-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tension steel is greater than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and the compression steel (over-reinforced at tensile face). So the "over-reinforced concrete" beam fails by crushing of the compressive-zone concrete and before the tension zone steel yields, which does not provide any warning before failure as the failure is instantaneous.
Why doesnt the netstat command display any information about ICMP connections?
Netstat will display statistics for ICMP such as Packets Sent and Received
Try netstat -s
ICMP messages arent data packets that are usable by a computers user but by the OS itself, they indicated issues with connectivity in response to requests that are being sent from the computer. For example your computer requests a web page from a particular IP address, if your router is unable to establish a connection to that it will send an ICMP message back to your computer to let it know why.
Common messages that get sent are:
Echo reply (Ping)
Echo request (Ping)
Destination Unreachable
Netstat monitors TCP\UDP ports on the computer to monitor connections to the machine, ICMP is a lower level prototcol (IP) and hence doesnt maintain connections or actively listen for ICMP packets
Quality of design is the quality which the producer or supplier is intending to offer to the customer. When the producer is making the quality of design of the product, he should take into consideration the customer's requirements in order to satisfy them with fitness for use of the product. If the quality of design does not reflect the customer's requirements, the product which the producer offers him would not probably satisfy the customer, even if it does sufficiently conform to the design. Quality of design is usually indicated by completeness and correctness of specifications, drawings, catalogues, etc. and is measured with fitness for use.
Quality of conformanceis the level of the quality of product actually produced and delivered through the production or service process of the organization as per the specifications or design. When the quality of a product entirely conforms to the specification (design), the quality of conformance is deemed excellent.
Specifications are targets and tolerances determined by the designer of a product. Targets are the ideal values for which production is expected to strive; tolerances are acceptable deviations from these ideal values recognizing that it is difficult to meet the exact targets all the time due to variability in material, machine, men and process.
For example, if an engineering component manufacturer specifies the diameter of a steel pin as 2.525 + 0.005 mm, the value 2.525 is the target value and + 0.005 is the tolerance. In a similar way, in case of an Airline service, if on time arrival of a flight is specified as within 15 minutes of scheduled time, the target is scheduled time and tolerance is + 15 minutes.
Quality of design is meant to introduce a new product or upgrade an existing product to meet customer requirements whereas Quality of conformance is the measure which determines whether the product is being manufactured according the design without much deviation or dissimilarity.
