Cosmology

The big bang theory is the prevailing scientific explanation for the origin of the universe. Other theories, such as the cyclic model or the multiverse hypothesis, involve different mechanisms for the universe's origin but are speculative and lack empirical support. At present, the big bang theory is the most widely accepted explanation supported by observational evidence.

The first elements hydrogen and helium were formed in the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago. During the early stages of the universe's expansion and cooling, nuclear fusion processes created these basic building blocks of matter.

The very hot and dense point from which the Big Bang emerged is called the singularity. This singularity marks the beginning of the universe's expansion and is where all matter and energy were compressed into an infinitely small point before rapidly expanding.

If our Universe were infinite both in size and age, then our entire sky would, by necessity, be filled with light at all times. That it is not is Olber's Paradox -- and indication that our Universe must be finite in either size or age. The Big Bang was a hypthesis that it was finite in age; and every prediction made by the BB that has been tested has supported the hypothesis.

No. The Big Bang happened long before Earth or Mars existed. The Big Bang happened about 13.7 billion years ago. All of the matter and energy in the universe was concentrated into a single point. Then all of a sudden it all started to rapidly expand outward. This sudden expansion is called the Big Bang. The Sun and Earth formed about 8 billion years later.

There isn't a strict measurement to distinguish a knife from a sword, but generally speaking, a sword is typically longer than 18 inches while a knife is shorter. Additionally, swords are often designed for two-handed use, whereas knives are usually used with one hand.

Hydrogen, helium, and a small amount of lithium.

If the BB is an accurate description of the early existence our Universe, then the ratio of hydrogen to helium to deuterium would be a certain value. The actual ratio matches the prediction of the BB quite well.

Key figures associated with the cosmology of the Big Bang theory include George Lemaitre, a Belgian physicist and Catholic priest who first proposed the theory, and Edwin Hubble, an American astronomer whose observations supported the expanding universe predicted by the Big Bang. Other notable contributors include Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, and Stephen Hawking.

Meteors generally burn up in the Mesosphere, but depending on the velocity and size of the meteor, they can burn up at almost any level of the atmosphere. We can see meteors because they emit light when they enter the atmosphere as the heated air around them glows from the heat. The reason they get hot and the meteor generally burns up is that when the extremely fast meteor hits the atmosphere, it compresses the air it hits and thus causes the temperature of the air to rise until the air glows from the heat. Also, the incredible friction as the meteor rubs against the atmosphere contributes to its glow and its burning up.

Molecules did not exist at the time of the Big Bang and not even in the immediate time after. To make molecules one needs atoms but it took about 370.000 years after the Big Bang for the temperature had dropped enough for atoms to be stable.

Henry Norris Russell died on February 18, 1957 in Princeton, New Jersey from a heart attack. He was 79 years old at the time of his death. Russell was a renowned American astronomer known for his work in stellar classification and the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

No.

As a matter the fact, the ABSENCE of anti-matter in our Universe is a problem scientists are still trying to explain. We know that anti-matter is almost non-existent here, but our present theories can give no reason why that should have happened -- any more than our present scientific theories can explain where lightning comes from. In both cases, scientists are working on developing better theoretical understanding.

It is cosmology using Einstein's theories of special and general relativity. This is the modern form of cosmology.

The old form, called Newtonian cosmology, is based on the laws of Newton (which we now know are not accurate for big things such as galaxies), but is sometimes still used as an educational device (since it is simpler).

The existence of the neutron was proposed by James Chadwick in 1932. His assumption was based on his experiments involving the bombardment of beryllium with alpha particles, which resulted in the emission of a previously unknown neutral particle that he identified as the neutron.

Leading Church of England scientist/priests, Rev. Dr Arthur Peacocke and Rev. Dr Sir John Polkinghorne KBE, FRS, are both urging the church to replace Genesis creation with big bang theory and cosmic evolution.

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The moon appears in the Earth's sky at night. Its visibility depends on its phase and location in its orbit. The moon can be seen during the day as well, depending on how close it is to the sun in the sky.

No one is entirely sure what conditions were like prior to the 'big bang'. Most people would say that the big bang didn't just happen with no physical materials involved. Current thought is that all the energy that eventually became the universe was condensed into a very small space, and the space was unimaginably hot. At some point there was a very rapid expansion (some theorists suggest that at this point even the velocity of light was not a restriction to the speed of the initial expansion). Eventually, the energy was thin and cool enough so that particles began to form. Whether or not the 'big bang' happened in an already formed void (just another word for space) is also not clearly understood.

According to M theory (m for membrane, a development of string theory) there is a possibility that our universe came into being as a result of the collision of two other universes, constructed mathematically as membranes. The collision got the whole thing going, so if this model is right, not even space existed prior to the collision of the two universes. These and other universes may overlap one another, and may exist within dimensions that are folded and locked in matter at the quantum level. The development of our solar system (sun and planets) happened many billions of years after the big bang and the formation of the universe.

Stardust refers to the material ejected from stars, primarily composed of elements like carbon, oxygen, and silicon. Dark matter, on the other hand, is a mysterious form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible. While stardust is a known component of the universe, dark matter is hypothesized to exist based on its gravitational effects on visible matter. Their relation lies in the fact that both stardust and dark matter play significant roles in shaping the structure and evolution of galaxies, though they exist as distinct entities.

Hume rejected the cosmological argument because he believed that it relied on the assumption of a necessary being, which cannot be proven to exist. He also argued that there is no logical reason to assume that the universe must have a cause or explanation beyond itself.

Many philosophers and thinkers have rejected the cosmological argument, including David Hume, Bertrand Russell, and J.L. Mackie. They have raised objections related to the assumptions of causality, the principle of sufficient reason, and the existence of an uncaused cause.

You said "easily observable," so I won't mention quarks or neutrinos.

Protons and neutrons came into being first.

Then electrons.

Then photons.

All three of these can be easily detected today.

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No, the ratio of sine of the angle of incidence (I) to the sine of the angle of refraction (R) is not always the same. This ratio is constant only in a specific scenario when light passes from one medium to another with different refractive indices, as described by Snell's Law.

The theory that states the universe began in a violent explosion is the Big Bang theory. It proposes that the universe started as a singularity and has been expanding ever since, leading to the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets. This explosion occurred approximately 13.8 billion years ago.