Electrical Wiring

Most likely a defective phase winding in the motor or even a missing phase in your power input.

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There is no single answer here, since the power factor varies with, and is a function of the load. A bunch of electric motors will have a very different PF than, say, a room full of computer servers. If the load is unknown, a rule of thumb is to use 0.85 (85%), but this would be no more than a guess.

Use the link below to see some pictures rather than sit through a description. Click and find out firsthand if a picture is worth a thousand words.

Most likely, yes. The ultimate test is if it can be pushed in either direction and it stays running in that direction.

As a range is a high current device, the electrical code stipulates that it has to have its own breaker. The breaker protects the wire feeder. An electric range breaker is set to trip at 40 amps. Using a smaller wire that #8 is not allowed as their ratings are below that of the #8 wire. #10 wire rating is 30 amps, #12 wire rating is 20 amps, and #14 wire rating is 15 amps.

Total slots per phase =12/3=4 slots to be occupied.

Slots per pole per phase = 12/(3*4)=1

hence for A phase, the slots to be occupied are 1,4,7,10;for B phase, the slots to be occupied are 5,8,11,2;for C phase, the slots to be occupied are 9,12,3,6 and winding to we wave type.

You must use thermocouple wire (of the same type as the thermocouple) to extend the circuit. If you switch to a different wire the point of connection between the two becomes a thermocouple junction itself, and the resulting voltage from that junction will skew your reading.

You can use any wire to extend a thermocouple connection if you know the temperature of the junction where the thermocouple wire ends--this becomes the reference junction.

In terms of hot,neutral,ground, the neutral is classed as the common. In regards to a switch which has a NO, NC, C. This is classed as a C form switch. It has a common terminal, a normally open terminal and a normally closed terminal. Depending on the position of the switch handle the circuit can be either open or closed.

No it will not. If you need increase the supply voltage and remove the choke.

In most countries electrical power is generated at high voltages, such as 11 kilovolts.

The reason for this is that it is much more efficient to generate and distribute electrical power at such a high voltage instead of at lower voltages.

For more information please see the answer to the Related Question shown below: 'Why is electricity transported in high voltage but not in current?'.

Another reason is something historical: in olden days when the electricity became popular, engineers had a misconception that there would be a voltage loss of around 10% in the transmission line. So, in order to get 10 kilovolts at the load point, they started sending 11 kilovolts from supply side. This is the reason. It has nothing to do with form factor (1.11).

Nowadays that reasoning has changed and we are using 400V instead of 440V, or, in Europe and other 50Hz areas of the world, 230V instead of 220V.

There is never a switch installed in a neutral line.

Current is the flow of electrons through a conducting substance. Each electron carries an electric charge - so as electrons pass through a substance, such as a metal, then we say an electric current (made up of the electric charges that each electron carries) passes through that substance. We measure current in amperes, often calls "amps". Voltage refers to the potential difference of the electric charge across a boundary or between two points. So if we were to have a high accumulation of electrons in one place (lets say on the ground), and not very many electrons in another place (say in a cloud), then we would say there is a potential charge, or a voltage that we can measure between those two points. Electrons repel each other, and they are attracted to areas where there is a deficiency of electrons. So the force of the electrons trying to move away from other electrons, and towards areas of fewer electrons, is the voltage, and the actual flow of these electrons is the current. Think of electricity like the water in a hose. The water pressure is the voltage - it makes the drops of water flow through the hose. As the pressure increases, so does the flow. Similarly in electricity, as the voltage increases, so does the current. Resistance, measured in ohms, measures how much a substance opposes the flow of electricity. Think of a nozzle at the end of our hose. As we open the nozzle, the resistance to the water flow goes down, and more water flows out the end of the hose. As we close the nozzle, less water flows out the end of the hose, even thought the water pressure remains the same. The same holds true in electricity - as the resistance increases, the current goes down, and as the resistance decreases, the current goes up. Some materials, like copper, have very low resistance, meaning electricity flows through it very easily, and that is why we use copper wires to carry electricity. Some materials, like plastic, has very high resistance, and that is why we use a plastic coating around the copper wire to insulate the copper, and thus keep the flow of electricity away from our body. So now we have everything we need to understand current: 1. Current is the flow of electrons through a substance. 2. Current is driven by voltage - the higher the voltage, the higher the current. 3. Current is reduced by resistance - the higher the resistance, the lower the current.

In a non-reactive ckt, a simple measurement with an AC voltmeter is all that is needed.

In a reactive ckt, you must first address power factor, which can be metered also, and combined with the apparent voltage as above to calculate true rms.

hmm in a circuit diodes are used to allow current in only one direction,resistors are put to prevent too much current to pass, hmm there are also fuses which prevents current's overflow!there are various things to limit and control current!

the reason for that is because if a battery is not connected to a wall it will not get additional energy for its high potential electrons.

the reason for that is because if a batttery is not connected to a wall it is not getting additional energy for high potential electrons

Batteries have internal resistances built in them, a guideline that is carefully studied in battery manufacturing. Higher voltage over resistance implies higher power and hence heat build-up, huge build-up will weaken the battery structure by volume expansion. The aggressive charging/discharging will cause the metal ions to deform the cathode/anode in the battery respectively. The motion of ions in the battery, cathode to anode or visa versa, is intrinsic to the charging and discharging operation. If the cathode or anode is deformed, the surface area formed by the deposited de-ionised particle will yield less than intended due to abnormalities in the formation. Charging and discharging again at normal operation modes will not undo the damage done to the structure of anode or cathode.

Do not charge any battery type at more 10-15% voltage than you can draw from.

Charging at such high voltage compared to Battery voltage would cause battery explosion. The duration of improper charging before battery explosion is dependent on how much pressure is built up in the battery from heat generated by internal resistance and quality of casing that is housing the battery nodes and chemicals. Eventually, metallic gas will seep out of the battery causing acidic skin burns and metallic gas poisoning. Injury from flying battery fragments is possible at such insane charging modes.

wirewound you mean? seams pretty self explanitory, wires that are wound form a mag field.

A 277 volt lighting fixture is one that is usually used in an industrial application. The reason for this is the voltage rating. A voltage potential of 277 volts is the voltage to neutral (ground) of a three phase four wire 480 volt distribution system. 480 volts / 1.73 = 277 volts. Rather than having to add a transformer to the system to provide 120 volts for lighting, manufactures produced a ballast for fluorescent fixtures that operates on the 227 volt potential.

Are you sure. They no longer produce a single pole switch in the color needed and we thought that a 4 - way could be sub'd.

There is no reason that it would not work, electrically. The problem may be that it doesn't meet electrical code. If you use two terminals on the same side of the switch as you would with single pole, it should work.

The copper is a good conductor of electricity. While the insulating plastic covering of the wire prevents bare wires touching and creating a short, or shocking (electrocuting) a person should the bare wire be touched with bare hands.

For electrical purposes the formula for calculating the circular-mil area of a circular wire is very simple. A = D squared, Area equals diameter of the cable or wire squared. This calculation is needed when pulling cables into a cable tray so as not to overfill the tray. Over filling a cable tray will build up a heat from the cables if proper ventilation between the cables is not maintained.

The electrical resistance of steel is too high for use directly as electrical wiring.

However a single steel reinforcing wire at the center of a bundle of copper or aluminum wires making one high voltage conductor adds tensile strength permitting longer spacing between poles or towers.

This type of motor starting configuration is used to start large motors. The utility company's policy is to only let a certain three phase motor horsepower loads across the line starting. High horsepower loads draw high current which draws the line voltage down. This causes a small instantaneous brown out to which the utility company gets complaints about. To solve this problem, limit the horsepower load. Starting a delta motor in star configuration reduces the inrush current because the voltage applied to the motor is lower. This technology is rapidly becoming old due to the new type of motor controllers on the market. Replacing the star delta starters is soft start controllers. The inrush current can be controlled so as to not make any voltage drop on the line. These controllers are different from VFD's which are expensive for this type of application. The main function of the soft start is to get the motor on line without any line disturbances.