Electromagnetic Radiation

I was unsure.

Originally I thought...Planck's constant is supposed to be the minimal action.

Multiplying by the frequency of electromagnetic radiation gives the energy of that

radiation which is supposed to be quantized. So it would seem to be that only

integer frequencies are allowed. Otherwise there would be continuous energy

rather than quantized. If there could be 1000.5 hertz, why not pi hertz, or a

millionth of a hertz, etc. But it seems very strange that frequencies can only be

integers. Not only that, but given that the speed of light is now defined to be an

integer, wavelengths would not be continuous either, but limited to rational

fractions of a meter. Astounding! Certainly strange (if true).

But upon further thought...It would be truly miraculous if any atom could emit

radiation in only integer frequencies PER SECOND. The second is an arbitrary

selection of time based on the cycle of our planet about our sun. To think that

this is even remotely possible is truly absurd. On the other hand, the second is

now measured by 'the natural resonance frequency of the cesium atom

(9,192,631,770 Hz)'. Another bloody integer! But only when at rest with respect to

the measurer! 'Twould seem to imply that velocities are quantized, too.

Still am unsure.

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I did not derive the formula. Einstein abstracted it from his experimental evidence. E = hf, h being the slope of his graph. The frequency doesn't change in steps of h, the energy changes in those steps. Which, again, implies the frequency is an integer, starting with one.

Though I readily admit to a severely limited knowledge, I have begun to think that the author who stated that energy comes only in multiples of the Planck constant, in his attempt to describe quantization of energy, was wrong on two counts. He is not wrong about quantization, but it claiming there is an energy minimum. Frequency changes in relativity, as does energy, though it still appears to be the Planck coefficient times the frequency.

Much more importantly, he referred to the Planck coefficient, as so many others do, as the Planck constant. To consider the two words equivalent leads only to unclear thinking. Coefficient is best, as it is determined by experiment, unknown to the extent of the experimental error. To call it a constant, is an act of abstraction, the act of a mathematician, a theorist, not the act of an experimental physicist whose results can be exact in only the most trivial of experiments. Constants are postulated as exact (though perhaps unknown exactly, like pi for instance); there is no error, stated or unstated, in their fundamental description (though perhaps in their limited calculation, again like pi for instance). The experimenter acknowledges that reality can never be known with infinite precision while the theorist pretends that it can. The experimenter is the ultimate arbiter.

Peak radiation refers to the maximum level of radiation exposure that an individual or area experiences during a given period. This typically occurs during a nuclear event or radiation accident when radiation levels spike before decreasing. It is crucial to monitor peak radiation levels to assess the potential impacts and ensure safety measures are in place.

ANSWER The color of light is define by its wavelength if there is a sufficiens spread in the visible spectrum then white light will be seen. If you have say red light which has a long wavelength and green that is a mix of the middle and short wavelengths, you would get white light. If you had orange and blue you would get white light for the inverse reason. You could also get white light from yellow and purple. These colors at opposite sides of the color wheel are called complementare.

The energy consumed by a 100-watt GLS incandescent bulb produces around 12% heat, 83% IR and only 5% visible light. In contrast, a typical LED might produce15% visible light and 85% heat. Especially with high-power LEDs, it is essential to remove this heat through efficient thermal management.

Too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can damage skin cells and DNA, increasing the risk of skin cancer. It can also accelerate skin aging, such as wrinkles, sagging skin, and age spots. Protecting the skin with sunscreen, clothing, and seeking shade can help reduce the risk of UV-related damage.

This depends upon if you mean protection from general radiation or once you've already been exposed.

There are several foods and supplements you can take to protect from the effects.

Children know Nuclear Weapons are Very Bad; it is too bad they do not understand the Vagaries of Power. It is Good that they Will.

They differ in frequency.

(That's exactly the same thing as saying that they differ in wavelength,

since frequency and wavelength are firmly connected.)

(That's also the same thing as saying that they differ in the quantity of energy

carried by each photon, since the amount of energy carried by each photon is

firmly connected to frequency.)

The electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelength are called "radio waves". There is no limit to how long the wavelengths can be.

When light hits a white surface, the surface reflects most of the light that strikes it. This high reflectivity causes the surface to appear bright and white to our eyes. This is because white surfaces reflect all visible wavelengths of light equally, resulting in a neutral color appearance.

X-rays are electromagnetic waves - that is, of the same nature as visible light. However, their frequency and therefore their energy are much higher than that of visible light, while their wavelength is much lower.

Maxwell's Equations forbid longitudinal waves because they are incorrect.

The proper equations do not forbid longitudinal waves,

X2E = [ (d2/dr2 - Del2) , 2d/dr Del][e, E] =

X2E= [ (d2/dr2 - Del2)e -2d/dr Del.E, (d2/dr2 - Del2)E + 2d/dr(Del e + DelxE) ]

The longitudinal wave is the scalar wave: (d2/dr2 - Del2)e - 2d/dr Del.E

You are asking two Questions at once:

How does the energy of the different waves of the spectrum vary with frequency? and

How does the energy of the different waves of the spectrum vary with wave length?

f (Frequency) = c / Lambda.

Incoming radiation minus outgoing radiation is known as the net radiation balance. This balance determines the Earth's energy budget, with excess incoming radiation leading to warming of the planet, while excess outgoing radiation results in cooling. The net radiation balance is a key factor in understanding the Earth's climate system.

You get a magnetic field whenever a current flows through a wire,

you get an electromagnetic field whenever the current changes.

Run a varing current into a wire of correct length (about a quarter of a wave-length)

and you have an antena. (that's the way radios & TVs work)

The regions of the electromagnetic spectrum for short to long wavelengths are:

Gamma rays -> X-rays -> Ultraviolet -> visible -> Infra Red -> microwaves -> radio waves.

Frequency has a great relationship with energy. The higher the amount of energy the higher the frequency will be for example.

Microwaves are higher in energy than ultraviolet rays. As a result microwaves have smaller wavelength and higher frequency then UV rays. The speed of propagation of an electromagnetic radiation is same as the speed of light.

Radiation can cause harm to humans by damaging cells and DNA, leading to increased risk of cancer and other health effects. The magnitude of this risk depends on the type of radiation, dose received, duration of exposure, and individual factors such as age and health status. It is important to minimize exposure to radiation sources and follow proper safety protocols to reduce these risks.

An X Ray has the wavelength of precisely 1000 nm or nanometers. X Rays can penetrate the human skin without as much damage to cells that gamma rays do.

The wavelength of a gamma ray is 10^-12m, or 0.0000000000000001 m, or 0.0001 nm.

Gamma rays are capable of damaging human skin, as well as being used to locate organisms in a certain environment. In 1896, a pulse of gamma rays was released from a nuclear powerplant in Sevsky, Australia. As the waves traveled, they became weaker. Everything within a 3.86 mile radius of the pulse became ill, and had to take FrCg5 pills (Frocedien Cargocide [V]) for the rest of lives in order to stay alive from Radiation Posioning.

I hope you use this information wisely.

--

Jack Samuel Nigel the Third

Stanford University

Biological Preservation & Restoration Division

Light is measured by its wavelength (in Hertz). Wavelength approaches the separation between two progressive wave peaks or troughs. Frequency is the number of peaks or troughs per unit of time.

Because that term is the name we have given to electromagnetic radiation with

the highest observed frequency. If they had lower frequency, then we would call

them by another name. And if they're called by that name, then they must be rays

of the highest observed frequency, all because that is how we have defined them.

Draping the trunk of your body during an x-ray procedure helps to protect sensitive reproductive organs from unnecessary radiation exposure. This extra layer of protection reduces the risk of potential harm to these organs.