Electronics Engineering

An ADC, or analog to digital decoder, is used to "translate" analog signals into digital signals. An analog signal can take on any value, such as 0.1V, 0.5V, 4.12V, 5V and so on. A digital signal on the other hand can either be "high" or "low", 1 or 0. A computer can only work with digital signals, and therefore you need to convert an analog signal into a digital signal in order for the computer to be able to work with it.

This is what you do when you record sounds or music. Sound is an analog signal and had to be converted with an ADC to a digital signal before it can be used in a compter or stored on a CD.

A DAC, or digital to analog decoder is the oposite of the ADC. Here the digital signal is converted into an analog signal. This is what happens when you play music from a CD-plate. On a CD there are a number of holes, which each translates as a 0 or 1. These are read with a laser beam which is reflected back into a receiver whenever the laserbeam hits a hole. This then counts as a 1. When the disk is spinning it produces a stream of 1s and 0s, which togerther form a binary string, such as 00010111011101. The DAC then converts this value into a analogue signal, such as 1.1V, which is then used to power your speaker and produce audible sound.

Very little for over a decade because it took that long to learn how to make high speed transistors needed for computer use, that were reliable, and at the same time had high gain. And then it took several more years to learn how to make silicon planar transistors which were not destroyed by humidity and could then be packaged in inexpensive plastic packages and at the same time made monolithic integrated circuits possible.

8192 bits makes one kilobyte, in the traditional (computer based) sense where kilo means 1024. Some people use kilo as 1000, even though that is not traditional computer usage, so, in that case, that would be 8000 bits.

You don't need the voltage to calculate that. Just use the product-over-sum formula (for two resistors):

R = (R1 x R2)/(R1 + R2)

Where R is the equivalent resistance, and R1 and R2 are the individual resistances.

Since it is a 3 bit counter( max state here is 6<8 i.e. 2^3) so 3 FF would be used here.Name these three FF A, B,C (u can assume ny other name).

Prepare a state table- here we have 2 count from state 0 to 1, 1(001 in binary) to next state(010), then from 2(010) to 4(100) , then from 4(100) to 5(101), then from 5(101) to 6(110).

After u prepare the state table next step is to prepare the excitation table from this state table.Generally RS FF is used to design the sequence with even no. in the end, for odd we gen' use JK FF's.

Using the present state as o/p transitions, and the basic excitation table for rs ff prepare the table.( this can be done here like ABC changes value as 000 to 001 write the value for Ja as X and Ka as 0, same can be done for Jb , Kb, as well as Jc, Kc.)

Using excitation table prepare K-maps for Ja , Ka , Jb ,Kb , Jc , Kc .From these Kmaps obtain simplified Boolean expressions.

And these boolean expressions can be used to prepare complete Logic.

The purpose of an inductor is to store and release energy in the circuit usually in order to induce a phase shift in the voltage or current passing through it.

Inductor stores energy in the magnetic field.

digitals ICs output either a high, +5v DC, or a low 0v. The outputs of digital ICs or on-off-on-on-off....etc. Analog ICs output waves in forms of sine, tri, basically anything but Square waves. Analog ICs usually used to regulate, amplify, filter, existing waves comming into its inputs. The digital ICs output a on-off signal based on what signals you give it.

Analog ICs are not absolute, they are used in almost every design. Don't know where these other people got there info from, like they are based on PCB boards, wrong, they are based on silicon wafers they look exactly like digital ICs. Sure these Analog ICs may include some digital circuityry but their output is always analog and they are used in almost EVERY electronic/electrical device

A transistor has three leads, called the base, the collector, and the emitter. The voltage of the base (in relation to the ground) determines whether and how much current flows from the collector to the emitter. An NPN transistor can be off, meaning that there is no (or very little) voltage from the base; partly on, meaning that there is some voltage from the base; or saturated, meaning that it is receiving full voltage from the base. A saturated transistor allows the current to flow from the collector to the emitter unopposed; a partly on transistor provides some resistance; and a transistor that is off provides full resistance. A PNP transistor is similar to an NPN transistor except it performs the opposite function: when it is saturated, the current is fully resisted; when there is no voltage from the base, the current is not at all resisted; and when it is partly on there is some resistance.

In sum, a transistor controls the flow between the collector and the emitter based upon the voltage of the base. this is carbage. a transistor is basicaly two diodes back to back base being common TO BOTH DIODES because of inpurity doping on purpose at the depletion region the transistor will control the current flow on the other diode. Once it reaches saturation both diodes conduct therefore current can flow in BOTH DIRECTIONS ACROSS IT.

An input, with regards to electronics, is any device or peripheral that provides data to an information processing system, such as a computer. An example of an input device is a keyboard which inputs data to a PC.

FM is frequency modulation. The amplitude is held constant and the carrier frequency is varied.

AM is amplitude modulation. The amplitude is varied and the carrier frequency is held constant.

CONVERSION

op amp can perform mathematical operations such as summing,subtracting differentiating,scaling,integrating which an amplifier can't perform. hence op is called as op amp & not just an amplifier.

opamps were originally designed to perform mathematical operations in electronic analog computers.

if the positive terminal of a battery is connected to the p side of a semi conductor and the negative terminal to the n side of a semiconductor... then that type of connection is said to be in forward biased .

In an electric circuit, the ground does not prevent current from flowing. Instead, it provides a safe path for electrical current to return to the earth in the event of a fault. It's a protective measure to prevent electrical shock hazards by maintaining the voltage stability in the circuit. The normal operation of the circuit isn't affected by the grounding system.

The answer depends entirely upon the scenario. Are you dealing with AC or DC? Does your circuit contain passive components or both passive and active components?

For example, if you a simply dealing with a resistive DC circuit, you can derive your answer from Ohm's law, V = IR. Rearranging for current, I = V/R, so if you double the voltage, the current is subsequently doubled.

It is connected in parallel and measures potential difference.

An inverter changes direct current (maybe from a battery) to alternating current

A SYSTEM is any active device if left as open loop it will saturate one way or the other if the gain is ample. To control a system it must have some feedback to determine ts linear operating capabilities. As an example an airplane taking off at las Vegas the cabin will be pressurised to -1000 feet from the ground and maintain a rate of climb to even 50.000 feet with a delta of 17 PSI The cabin pressure as a system will maintain this delta by close loop control otherwise we will need oxygen if flying. INTERESTING?

Stray capacitance is undesired capacitance. Any electronic component (wires, resistors, etc.) has SOME capacitance; at high frequencies, this can become significant, becoming a problem for circuit design.

According to BS 7671:2008 'Requirements for Electrical Installations', 'high voltage' is defined as (for a.c.) exceeding 1000 V (a.c.) line-to-line, or 600 V (a.c.) line-to-neutral.

Following are the 3 parameter by which high Frequency carrier can be varied by low frequency intelligence signal

1) Amplitude

2) Phase

3) Frequency

You use filters at the output of a rectifier to smooth out the pulsating DC. With no filter, the output would pulse between peak value (less diode forward drop) and zero. With a simple capacitor, the output would pulse between peak value (less diode forward drop) and some value that is the intersection between the discharge curve for the capacitor and the next forward conduction time of the diode. With a more complex filter, the output is progressively filtered, but that is beyond the scope of this question.