Electronics Engineering

the High voltage rated diodes are power diodes while of low rating or normal voltage rating are considered to as ordinary / normal diode

In a class A amplifier, the active device (transistor) is biased so it always conducts some current, usually outputting about half the supply voltage under quiescent (no signal) conditions.

The input signal causes the transistor to conduct more or less current, thus raising or lowering the output voltage, but it never cuts off. For this reason, the class A amp is free from so-called crossover distortion that occurs in a class B push-pull amp when one device cuts off and the other starts to conduct.

The constant DC offset voltage with no signal is blocked by a capacitor or transformer so only the amplified AC signal appears at the output.

The advantage of a class A amp is its low distortion and transparent sound. The big disadvantage is the high quiescent bias current, even with no signal. Class A power amps require large heat sinks and/or forced-air cooling, and waste a lot of power, i.e. they are not very efficient.

Many audio enthusiasts feel the cleaner sound outweighs the drawbacks, and they pay big bucks for high-end class A amps and preamps.

The specific details and information flow a particular industry.

The first motion detector was invented by Russian Leon Theremin in the year 1920, but the first motion detectors used as a security device were developed in early 1950's by Samuel Bagno. The basis of these first detectors was the Doppler effect and ultrasonic waves application.

Sine waves are a pure frequency, and hence are very stable, when passing through an analog circuit, they will keep their shape but may have their amplitude reduced. In comparison, a square wave has many frequency components, each of which may react differently to a circuit, resulting in a distorted waveform.

This flip-flop toggles (Q changes state) on the negative going edge of the clock pulse. T acts as an ENABLE / INHIBIT control. Q will only toggle on the negative edge of the clock pulse, when T is high. Below is shown a D type flip-flop connected as a toggle type. On each clock pulse positive going edge, Q will go to the state bar Q was before the clock pulse arrived. Remember that bar Q is the opposite level to Q. Therefore Q will toggle.

Ohms law is V=I X R. If resistance (R) is reduced and current (I) is constant, then voltage (V) must decrease. You can see from the equation that they are proportional to one another. If, however, R is reduced and V is held constant, then I must increase (I and R are inversely proportional). The only way V can increase is if either or both I and R increase.

The conventional direction of current flow in a DC circuit is from positive to negative. In reality the electron flow is from negative to positive. Most electronic schematics today still use the conventional current flow when drawn.

a transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to electric energy there are different types of transducers like mic is an acoustic transducer that converts sound energy to electrical energy...resistance changing transducers,inductance changing transducers capacitive type transducer ....change their values in accordance with an analog quantity to b measured like temp etc....this change produces porportional current or voltage which is basically proportional electrical energy
Transducer, in electronics, a device that converts electric energy into some other form of energy, or vice versa. Transducers are used in sound systems, in video equipment and in many measuring devices. A transducer used in a measuring device produces an electric current proportional to the strength or intensity of the physical quantity-such as heat, light, or mechanical stress-to which the transducer is subjected. Piezoelectric crystals (crystals that produce an electric current when deformed) and photoelectric cells are transducers; so are loudspeakers, which produce sound from electric energy.

All of them. Electromagnetic, sound, even a water wave until it hits shore.

A: GOLD in a vacuum can be spread to a film steel does not have this property

A simple, 1 transistor single stage amplifier can be made using several resistors to bias a NPN or PNP transistor into its' linear operating region. With this done, a small voltage signal applied to the input of the amplifier will have the voltage amplified at the output in a linear fashion.

I'm not sure what your question is; if this does not answer it let me know.

You need a Battery, Light Bulb, Ammeter, Switch.

Without specifics (are all the batteries end to end or are some loads between batteries, are all the loads the same resistive, capacitive or inductive value...), the generic answer is: the sum of supplied voltages must equal the sum of voltage drops across the loads.

Microcontrollers are essential in modern electronics as they serve as the brain of embedded systems, enabling devices to perform specific tasks efficiently and autonomously. They integrate a CPU, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip, making them cost-effective and space-saving solutions for applications ranging from consumer electronics to industrial automation. Understanding microcontrollers is crucial for engineers and developers, as they facilitate innovation in automation, robotics, IoT devices, and more, driving advancements in technology and improving everyday life.

Electrons flows through Only conductor its called electrical , electrons flows through the gas, vacum,semiconductor is called electronics .... the word elecronics means electrons present in all materials, in Electrical deal RMS voltage ,in eletronics deal with peak voltage , In electrical generation of power and distribute the generated power to any where . Electronics is based on electrical.

input output

000 0

001 0

010 0

011 0

100 0

101 0

110 0

111 1

Just to generalize,

No high output till all inputs are high.

Transistor is usually constructed using semiconductor elements. Semiconductor elements refers to partial conductors. They are neither full nor non conductors. that semiconductor elements may be called as transistor elements

A: The only calibration that a potentiometer is allow to do is on the resistance scale. The reason being is the internal battery looses capability with age so to compensate the pot. will change current available to make the ohmmeter to go to zero when the probes are shorted. To test a volts range then an accurate voltage must be used to verify calibration.

The nand gate is prefered over the nor gate because for a nand gate, all other states are true except the 1 1 state which is false while for a nor gate all other states are false except the 0 0 state which is true.

mechanical energy-electrical energy-mechanical energy

For appliances that need a lot of power, the advantage of a higher voltage is that less current is needed, because power = voltage x current. That means that the cable doesn't need to be so thick.

It also means that for a given percentage of voltage drop in the cable, the allowable volt-drop in the cable is higher when the supply voltage is higher. This also allows the use of a thinner cable especially when the cable is 100 ft long or more.

there is no need of bulky centre tap in a bridge rectifier.

TUF(transformer utilisation factor) is considerably high.

output is not grounded.

diodes of a bridge rectifier are readily available in market.

*the PIV(peak inverse voltage) for diodes in a bridge rectifier are only halfof that for a centre tapped full wave rectifier,which is of great advantage.

• no capacitor does not allow ac component .if allow then inductor allow dc component .