Electronics Engineering

A ripple counter is a counter in which state transitions of one or more flip flops are triggered by the outputs of other flip flops in the circuit. If all flip flops in the counter are triggered by a common clock pulse, then the counter is called a "synchronous counter". a ripple counter is a counter that will ripple through the information sequentialy. .

It consists of four diode or rectifiers units with all cathodes (or arrows- schematically) pointing to the positive end DC ouput.

All anodes point to the negative DC end and the AC voltage is applied to the remaining two junctions of diodes where cathodes meet anodes.

Electronics sensors are Widely used in current generation . The advantages of Electronics sensor are very vast -

1> very highly sensitive to atmospheric quantity.

2> very good operating speed -fast

3> very low power requirement for operation.

4> they are portable and used any where.

5> wide temperature ranges.

Disadvantages>

designing is complicated rather than mechanical system.

maybe destroy on very high temperature.

costly than mechanical system

A local oscillator is a device that generates a sinusoidal signal with a frequency such that the receiver is able to generate the correct resulting frequency, or intermediate frequency (IF), for further amplification and conversion into audio detection. There is one local oscillator in a single conversion super heterodyne receiver where heterodyning or mixing is used to generate beat frequencies, which may be the sum or the difference of two frequencies.

The local oscillator is usually adjustable and in step with the increment or decrement in the receiver frequency. For instance, if the receiver is tuned to 1,455 kilohertz (kHz) as radio frequency input (RF-in), the local oscillator frequency (LOF) may be set to 1,910 kHz for a so-called high side injection. The two signals are fed to an electronic device known as the mixer, which derives LOF - RF-in = IF or 455 kHz, which suggests why amplitude modulation (AM) broadcast receivers have about four stages of low-power amplifiers tuneable to 455 kHz.

Let's look at a transformer first. Transformers are essentially two coils that are wrapped (wound) around a common core. The primary is supplied with a changing voltage. This develops a changing magnetic field in the core. And this changing magnetic field in the core "sweeps" the secondary windings and generates a voltage in those secondary windings. The changes in the primary due to the changing voltage are inductively coupled into the secondary to generate voltage there. The general answer to why a transformer doesn't work on a DC supply is that a DC voltage doesn't "change" and cause changes in the magnetic field in the core, and, thereby, cause changes in the voltage in the secondary windings. When we "turn on" the DC (direct current), a field will be built in the core, it will sweep the secondary windings and deliver a "pulse" as the field is built. But then the secondary voltage will drop to zero after the pulse. This is because there is a static magnetic field around the secondary windings, and a static field will not sweep the windings and generate a voltage. There will be no secondary voltage. It is possible to generate pulses of voltage in a transformer by pulsing a DC voltage supplied to the primary. The ignition coil in an automobile works in this way. The 12-volt supply is pulsed to the coil to generate the high voltage to fire the spark plugs. It is possible to get a transformer to work on DC. But, in general, transformers need a dynamically changing voltage supplied to them to cause the changing magnetic field in the core. This changing magnetic field will sweep the secondary windings and generate a changing voltage there. AC (alternating current) works really well for this application, and we use this idea in the power grids around the world.

Resistance: Electrical resistance describes how an electrical conductor (a wire) opposes the flow of an electrical current (flow of electrons). To overcome this opposition a voltage (a energy) must dropped (used) across the conductor (wire). Resistance can be described by ohms law: Ohms Law: R = V / I (Resistance = Voltage / Current) (resistance measured in ohms) where: Voltage [V]= the energy lost across an component (voltage measured in volts). Current [I] = the charge (electrons) flowing through an component (current measured in Amps). Electrical resistance can be thought of as sticking your hand out a car window. The faster [current] you drive the harder the wind presses [resistance] against you hand and therefore it takes more energy [voltage] to hold your hand steady. When trying to overcome electrical resistance, the electrical energy lost is turned into heat. This is how the elements of a household stove, toaster, and fan heater work. Because of the vacuum in a light bulb, the electrical energy lost is instead turned into light. It can be seen the electrical resistance plays a large role in modern life. Resistor: The resistor is the most common electronic component and is used to limit and/or control the voltage and current in an electronic circuit. Resistors are carefully manufactured to provide a predetermined value of electrical resistance which may range from 0.1 ohms to 100,000,000 ohms, depending on the application. The physical size of a resistor also varies dependant on the amount of power passing through the resistor, given by: P = V x I (Power = Voltage x Current) (power measured in watts) There are also many types of resistors including: · Variable Resistor - changes resistance when its shaft is rotated (volume knob on a stereo). · Thermistor - changes resistance when the temperature changes (used in a thermostat). · Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) - changes resistance when the lighting changes (used in children's night-lights). Resistor Example: An LED is a small red light (such as the one on the front of most TVs) and requires 2.0 volts and 0.02 amps to operate correctly. If we connected that LED up directly to a 12 volt battery, the voltage would be too high, and too much current would flow… the LED would blow up. We need to use a resistor to limit the voltage and current. But which value of resistance should the have resistor? Uses ohms law: R = V / I = (12.0 - 2.0) / 0.02 = 500 ohms (Note: the voltage across the resistor is the battery voltage minus the voltage we want across the LED) But which value of power should the resistor be capable of handling? P = V x I = (12.0 - 2.0) / 0.02 = 0.2 Watts

In Analog communication, the analog message signal modulates some high carrier frequency inside the transmitter to produce modulated signal.this modulated signal is then transmitted with the help of a transmitting antenna to travel through the transmission channel. At the receiver, this modulated signal is received and processed to recover the original message signal. Example: AM , FM radio transmission an TV transmission. In digital communication, the message signal to be transmitted is digital in nature. This means that digital communication involves the transmission information in digital form Example: ASK, FSK, PSK.

An ideal voltage source has no internal resistance, and a constant voltage output. In reality, all voltage sources (battery, generator, etc.) have some internal resistance, and their voltage may degrade or change over time.

Ans 2: An ideal voltage source will have zero input impedance and the voltage can rise to infinity to supply the current.

Read more: What_does_an_ideal_voltage_controled_voltage_sources_do

The same as the time constant of a 2.7 microfarad capacitor and a 33 ohm resistor connected in series.

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Military bearing and courtesy and Innocence and personal dignity.

A path that is made for an electric current is called a circuit. The two main components in a circuit are the load and a source which are combined with conductors and as a whole form a circuit.

Simply connect the -ve of the bulb to -ve of the battery and +ve of bulb to +ve of battery using an electrically conductive wire, the bulb will light automatically.

Current flowing in only one direction.

The capacitor has no resistance which your direct current ohm meter can show.

Either less ripple voltage with the same filter capacitance, or similar ripple voltage with smaller filter capacitances (and thus physically smaller filter capacitors).

Transformers change voltage and current from the primary side to the secondary side, while keeping the power in equal to the power out (minus losses). Any transformer will increase the voltage applied to the secondary (or low voltage side) to the primary (or higher voltage side).

Alternating current (AC) consits of positive half cycles interspersed by negative half cycles.

A half-wave rectifier uses only one of these; during the other part of the cycle the output is zero. Only one diode is needed.

A simple full-wave rectifier is fed from a center-tapped transformer. It outputs each half cycle in turn; since they are taken from opposite ends of the transformer they all have the same polarity. Two diodes are needed, but it is much easier to get a smooth continuous output from this rectifier.

The best of the systems is a full-wave bridge rectifier. Difficult to describe in words, it uses four diodes and doesn't need a center-tapped transformer.

It is known as the penumbra and the area in total shadow is the umbra

Reverse Bias

To design a simple integrator with an op amp, place a resistor and capacitor in series in the feedback loop, between output and inverting input. Place another resistor from circuit input to the inverting input. Ground the non-inverting input. The current through the input resistor will be balanced with the current through the feedback resistor. Since there is a capacitor also, the voltage slope at the output will be proportional to the current. If you want the capacitor to discharge faster in one direction, you can place a diode (and optional resistor) across the feedback resistor.

This works because the capacitor resists a change in voltage, proportional to current, and inversely proportional to capacitance. The equation is dv/dt = i/c. This means that dv/dt is linear with constant i and c.

In this configuration, a constant current input will be balanced with a linear voltage ramp on the output, limited only by the range of the op amp. Constrast this with a simple RC circuit - with constant voltage, the RC circuit will exhibit a logarithmic output.

If, for instance, you were to drive this circuit with a square wave, the output would be triangular. With the diode, the output would be sawtooth.

C is a high level language that is compiled into machine language for specific system.

The system implements some sort of state machine that can process the compiled machine language.

In VHDL you have to design the statemachine itself. Furthermore VHDL is compiled into logic primitives that could be built by logic gates which itself could be realized with transistors.

C is a programming language.

VHDL is a hardware description language.