Electronics Engineering

250 watts approximately

I assume you have a constant voltage supply. According to P=V^2/R => P*R=V^2, you have a 44.7 volt supply. If you change Resistance to 8 ohms, P=44.7^2/8 => P=250 watts.

No, however some trains have a magnetized wheel to help grip the track.

*Added -

Electric trains do result in short term magnetizing of the train tracks. This can be seen on sharp curves where tiny rail slivers cling along in a magnetic pattern. In the US, trains do not have magnetized wheels, but rapid trainsit systems can include a track brake that uses a magnet to provide much faster braking than the wheels alone.

Yes. Kirchoff's Voltage Law states that the signed sum of the voltage drops going around a series circuit is zero. Thus, if you know all but one, you can figure it out. You simply add what you know up, and what is left is the last drop.

Don't forget to be consistent in your use of signs. If, for instance, you show a voltage or current source as a voltage rise, then it must be considered to be a negative voltage drop. Or vice versa, as the case may be.

Yes

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EMF (E''electromotive Force'') is another term for Volts, hence the E in electronic formulas and EMF is measured with a volt meter. A potentiometer is not a meter at all, it is a variable resistor

When working on a current transformer the secondary windings must be shorted.

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Properly loaded

transitors amplify signals in a very non-linear fashion. somehow (i don't know how), adding in the negative output of the transistor (negative feedback loop) makes the output much more linearmostly for stabilization, but there can be other reasons in specific cases.

all electric heaters draw a lot of current (voltage times current = watts [or power])

and a toaster heats bread (no it toasts Bread)

please tell me ... which recent topics are going in digital image processing for research area .

A dynamo is another name for an a.c. or d.c. electrical generator. They are used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

The voltage and current are stepped in proportion to the turns ratio, 10000 / 100. I am assuming the 120 volts is connected to the secondary. Then:

120 volts * (10000/100) = 12000 volts on the primary side.

The current will change in opposite way, 100 / 10000

E = I R = 22 x 7 = 154 volts.

current is the movement of charg carriers (normaly electrons) through a conductive material. the easyest way to think about it is that voltage is like a force pushing on the electrons, and resistance will push back against this. Current is then the result of these two factors. This is where we get the equation voltage=current*resistance. In answer to your question, increasing the circuit resistance will decrease the current in the circuit, as long as the supply voltage stays the same.

An ammeter measures the amount of current flowing through an electrical circuit. It measures amperage.

All things expand when they are heated. Gases expand the most, liquids less than gasses, and solids expand the least.

Yes they do.

Take metal for example it expands when it gets hot.

SCADA is an abbreviation for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition .

DCS stands for Distributed Control System.

Normally, a SCADA system will get the data from a RTU (remote terminal unit). A RTU runs independently, except for some control from the central supervisory system such as fire fighting, emergency shut-down (i.e water & oil pipelines). The communication path will be through a GSM, wireless technology, etc...

For a DCS system, it controls the process as a stand-alone system. It has the control loops built into it's own controller. The communication path will be through something like a LAN high-speed Ethernet, or other communications network. DCS is a single unit, or a group of local units

I think that my clarification helps a little bit on the subjects of DCS and SCADA.

Thanks

The progression from Shockley diode to SCR is achieved with one small addition, actually nothing more than a third wire connection to the existing PNPN structure. If an SCR's gate is left floating (disconnected), it behaves exactly as a Shockley diode. It may be latched by breakover voltage or by exceeding the critical rate of voltage rise between anode and cathode, just as with the Shockley diode. Dropout is accomplished by reducing current until one or both internal transistors fall into cutoff mode, also like the Shockley diode. However, because the gate terminal connects directly to the base of the lower transistor, it may be used as an alternative means to latch the SCR. By applying a small voltage between gate and cathode, the lower transistor will be forced on by the resulting base current, which will cause the upper transistor to conduct, which then supplies the lower transistor's base with current so that it no longer needs to be activated by a gate voltage. The necessary gate current to initiate latch-up, of course, will be much lower than the current through the SCR from cathode to anode, so the SCR does achieve a measure of amplification. :) sorry its kinda hard to explain. I hope I helped

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That's actually fairly meaningless, 1nm is one nanometre, there are one billion (1 000 000 000) nanometres in one metre. There are 1 609 metres in one mile. The number of nanometres in one mile is to big to be really meaningful.

Basically, the light from the bulbs are lost at about the same time.

First select the correct measurement type. Current is measured in series and most meters have separate inputs for that. Resistance should be measured with the component out of the circuit. Volts in parallel. Be very careful. Best is to be shown how.

ANSWER: A meter any meter cannot measure current directly but rather it measure the voltage drop to translate into amperes.

In data communication computer use periodic analog signal because it Need Less Bandwidth.

So, by using Periodic Analog Signals it is easy to select the Medium through Which data is travelled otherwise it is Much Difficult (aprox. Impossible ) .

BASIC MULTIMIETER OPERATION BASIC MULTIMETER INFORMATIONMultimeter is a measuring instrument. It can be used to measure voltage, current and resistance. An analog meter moves a needle along a scale. The function of the meter can be changed by switching the dial. Most modern multimeters are digital. Similar to analog ones, digital multimeter has a dial to select its function. However, instead of having to interpret the reading of an analog scale, the data is shown directly in digital format on the LCD display. BASIC MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES 1. Before using the multimeter, estimate the value you will measure, make sure it is within the range that the multimeter can measure or withstand. NEVER USE THE METER BEYOND ITS CAPABILTY. 2. Choose to the function you want to use by switching the dial. Turn on the power. 3. When measuring voltage, connect the BLACK probe (COM) to the ground (0V), and the RED probe to the node you want to check. When measuring resistor, first make sure the resistor is not connected to any other component or power supply, then connect the probes to the two ends of the resistor. 4. Two alligator clips can be used with probes. For your safety, alligator clips MUST be used when measuring any voltage more than 36V. They can also be used to free your hands by clipping the probes onto the circuit. Put the alligator clips back in the box after each use. 5. Read the data on the display, remember the units. 6. Turn off the power when you are done. MULTIMETER TROUBLESHOOTING 1. Is the BLACK probe in the COM plug? 2. Is the RED probe in the correct plug? 3. Is the function dial turned to the correct position? 4. Is the power of the multimeter on? *** WORD OF CAUTION AND DISCLAIMER*** ALWAYS USE EXTREME CAUTION WHEN USING ANY TYPE OF METER.OR WORKING WITH ELECTRICITY. NEVER-NEVER-NEVER HOLD THE METER WHILE TESTING IN CASE OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK- PLACE THE METER DOWN ON SOMETHING THAT IS NON-CONDUCTIVE, AND MAKE SURE YOU ARE GROUNDED PROPERLY. NEVER DO ANY ELECTRICAL TESTING WITHOUT PROPER FOOTWEAR OR INCLEMENT WEATHER. *** IF YOU ARE EVER IN DOUBT OF WHAT TO DO, CONSULT A PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICIAN.