Electronics Engineering

The High current source otherwise known as the supply, can handle any low current device or low current load as long as the voltages are the same. The higher the Supply current or as you call the source the better for any device/load

Strip the wire to desired length. Then hold the wire horizontally and hold the soldering iron underneath the stripped part while holding the solder on the top of the wire. When the wire gets hot enough it will suck the solder into the wire

'E' = electromotive force between 2 points, Volts 'I' = current from one of the points to the other, Amperes 'R' = resistance between the two points, Ohms Ohm's Law: E = I R I = E / R R = E / I

Analog means continuous transmission of data whereas digital

means discrete transmission of data. In analog

communications we are transmitting finite amount of data in

infinite amount of information. so,there is a possibility of

occurrence of noise. where as in digital we are transmitting

finite amount of data in finite amount of information. so ,

out of these two, digital is most efficient.

Your question is quite incomplete.

If you want to convert a PwM (pulse width modulated) infrared signal, just pass on the width info to a fixed carrier wave (amplitude modulate it), and the job is done.

At the other end, demodulate using standard If stage as in any superheterodyne radio reciever.

That will depend on the dielectric. There will be two main effects - any change in the permeativity of the dielectric, and thermal expansion which will increase the distance between the plates. There will also be an change (probably an increase), in leakage current through the dielectric. Any change is very likely to be small or insignificant - I have worked in a factory making capacitors and temperatures were very variable, not controlled, for measurements of capacitance.

Induppu is not Epsom Salt.

Indppu is Rock Salt containing Potassium (KCl)

Epsom Salt contaains Magnesium (MgSO4) Sulphate.

Common salt contains Sodium (NaCl)

You just stated that the voltage across the resistor is 15 volts, so that's your answer !

If the resistor is connected to a 15-V battery or to the output of a 15-V power supply, then a meter across the resistor is also across the power supply, and reads 15 volts.

The current through the resistor is (V/R) = (15/2700) = 5.56 mA. The power dissipated by the resistor (and delivered by the battery) is (V2/R) = (225/2700) = 0.083 watt.

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For what? Industrial processes in general operate from way below 0C to thousands of degrees C

The voltage across a capacitors given as a time constant t= 63% the resistor value multiply buy capacitor value. it doesn't matter if it goes more or less negative it will follow this function

Capacitors resist a change in voltage, inversely proportional to their capacitance. As a result, transients in the AC line tend to be filtered out.

CW Radar or Continues Wave Radar uses a constant transmission and is usually used for angle only tracking and can be combined with a second emission that is pulses or swept to deuce range using and separate antenna (or on a time schedule in some cases). The CW part of a CW Radar reference to the transition duty Ratio and because Dead and Listen time are over lapped they normally have two antennas. FM CW Radar or Frequency Modulated Continues Wave Radar, is similar to the CW set up but the Carrier Radio Frequency is swept, when processed this data can produce range data. Again the Dead and Listen time our overlapped and it is normal for separated antenna to be used. The Frequency sweep is repeated in successive management ion different angles Pulsed Radar Transmits a short pulse rather then continuously like the FMCW Radar or CW Radar and has a short Dead time and long listen time During the dead time when the transmission pulse is emitted the receiver is blanked to protect it, After the pulse has completed transmission the receiver is opened to receive the returns. This means that the receiver and transmission times are mutually exclusive and therefore the same antenna can used for both jobs. As the pulse is short the transmission peak power maybe higher then the CW Power but is present for less time. A Hybrid Radar is ICW or Interrupted Continues Wave (some times called Interrupted Carrier Wave) which is really a pulse radar with a high duty cycle.

Ohm's Law states that V = IR (voltage = current times resistance). It can be used to find any of those three quantities if the other two are known. It is one of the most important formulae for calculations in electrical circuits - you will use it all the time.

If you connect positive to positive and negative to negative you will have a 9V battery with twice the current capacity in milliampere hrs than a single batteries. The load then goes between positive and negative paralleled terminals.

If you connect one negative of one battery to one positive of the other battery and put the load between the remaining negative and positive terminals you have created an 18 V battery with the same milliampere hr rating as a single battery.

If you connect one negative to positive of other battery and the negative of that battery to the positive of the first battery then both batteries with quickly drain and get hot in the process. Contrary to folklore or urban lefends, they do not explode.

the magnet picks up only certain kinds of metal, pulling magnetic from non magnetic metal

The question isn't as clear as it could be, but making some hopefully educated guesses about what you mean:

International standards are those agreed upon by several countries. For example, the kilogram and the meter are international standards.

Absolute standards are things that don't need to be agreed upon because they just are what they are. The speed of light in a vacuum, for example, is an absolute standard. The charge on an electron is an absolute standard.

In an intrinsic semiconductor, a few electrons get thermally excited and break from their valence bond to become a free electron. This leaves behind a vacancy in its place called 'hole'.

In a P-type semiconductor, B with 3 electrons replaces a Si atom with 4 electrons in the lattice. 3 covalent bonds are formed by B with 3 neighbouring Si. But there is a deficiency of one electron in B for bonding with the 4th Si. This deficiency/vacancy is called a hole.

When an electric potential difference is present, the electrons from adjacent valence bond moves into the vacancy near it while moving along the potential.

The following represents the movement of valence electron.

Terminology:

* represents valence electron

_ represents hole

A is -ve and B is +ve.

..I A * * * _ * * * B

.II A * * _ * * * * B

III A * _ * * * * * B

.IV A _ * * * * * * B

I- Hole is at the 4th position.

II- At first, the 3rd electron from left shifts right to fill the vacancy and leaves behind a vacancy in its place. The vacancy is at the 3rd position.

III- Next, the 2nd electron from left has shifted to the 3rd place and filled up that vacancy but leaves a vacancy at its place. The vacancy is at 2nd position.

IV- Now, the 1st electron from left moves to occupy the vacancy at the 2nd position creating another vacancy in its own place. The vacancy is at 1st position.

As the electrons moved right, the vacancy moved left. The vacancy is called a hole (just a shorter name for convenience). The movement of holes is really the movement of electron in the valence band. Therefore, the mobility of a hole is indirectly the mobility of valence electrons.

Mobility is the velocity acquired per unit electric field.

In the intrinsic and N type semiconductors, many free electrons are present i.e. electrons in conduction band which are free to move in the crystal as against valence electrons which can only move in the lattice points.

When an electric field is applied, both the valence electrons and the free electrons move in the same direction. The hole direction is opposite to that of valence electron but the mobility is the same, as explained earlier.

Even for the same electric field, valence electrons cannot move as freely as the free electrons because its movement is restricted. Therefore, the velocity of valence electrons is less compared to free electrons. In other words, the velocity of holes is less compared to free electrons. This means mobility is also less for a hole compared to free electron.

Thus, mobility of a free-electron (often abbreviated as 'electron') is greater than that of a hole (indirectly referring to valence electron).

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Use the standard resistor symbol and then place an arrow across the resistor. The bottom of the arrow midpoint of the resistor and just below, the tip of the arrow (draw with an arrow head) just above the resistor. This represents the wiper of the variable resistor.

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