Electronics Engineering

Large a.c. currents with a small trigger signal.

The SI unit of electric current is the ampere. While it is an SI base unit, it can also be considered to be a combined unit, coulombs per second.

Study the optical transmission property of glass, to learn more.

also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber

You might wish to refine the question to differentiate between optical bandwidth and data bandwidth.

If a laser can be modulated and the beam directed through an optical fiber, then the data or the analog bandwidth is about equal to the modulation bandwidth capability of the laser in Hz per second.

A step-down transformer U really don't need a step up or stepdown transformer You need a source capable to run your LED it can be a swithcing power supply for istance a battery

Depends on the encoding. It is probably 0xF (15), but it could be -1 (if 4 bits in 2's complement), or any other value if a non-standard encoding. the coding can be octal or hexadecimal the value in decimal does not change in octal it is 17 in hexadecimal it is F in decimal is 15. ALL of these numbers are right it depends of what code the reference is to

dear need me software for mft-930 biss option new thanks

It is a program that records sound from microphone.

If you need this kind of program, I recommend PCHand Screen Recorder, it could record any activities on the screen and the audio whatever you hear. I tried a lot of different programs before I bought one; PCHand is easier to use.

It also provides a free trial version so that you could try it. I'm using it and it's pretty good. Hope it could help!

http://www.screen-capture-record.com/screen-recorder.html

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Note: Edited for grammar by gbaughma - I haven't actually used the program, just edited the spelling. --gb

Hfe is an empirical value it means nothing unless a load is considered. the meter probably does not provide the proper loading so why measure it?

the modulation system is of FM

I am assuming you are actually talking about three distinct components here, because the question is rather vague. The OS and the Hardware, or the OEM Computer Manufactures. The best Hardware is usually made by the Top Tier manufactures such as Intel (CPU's), Nvidia (Video Cards) and ASUS (Very Good Motherboards). As far as OS's are concerned, Linux (there are many variations, but they are more difficult to work with and configure than windows as a rule of thumb, although they have come a very long way over the last 4 years. I would check out Ubuntu or Fedora, these two are my personal preferences, although Suse and others make very capable operating systems as well) As far as Windows, im sure you are familiar with this Operating System. I prefer 64-bit versions of either Vista or XP, and I look forward to Windows 7. As far as OEM Manufacturers... You most likely will be getting a Microsoft operating system and lower tier hardware (especially for motherboards and sound cards and video cards) so that they can increase margins. If you really want to know which branch is best, the answer to that is BUILD YOUR OWN.

MUX(A, B, S) = A*S + B*S'

NOT(A) = MUX(0, 1, A) = 0*A + 1*A' = A'

From http://noyesno.net/

i want to irf 3205 capacity for drawn curent.

Assuming you are talking about an AC circuit, then the total opposition to the flow of current in an R-C circuit is called its impedance (symbol: Z), measured in ohms. This is the vector sum of the circuit's resistance (R) and its capacitive reactance (XC) -each also measured in ohms.

When I consider both cost of cells, and how soon they must be replaced, the clear looser is the Super Heavy Duty also-known-as Carbon Zinc. The only reason to buy them is when you want to thwart thieves from stealing more desirable cells.

Lets put a value to the transformer, say 500 VA. Step down with a 5:1 ratio. Say 250 volts on primary. 250/5 = 50 volts secondary. 500 VA transformer/50 volts secondary = 10 Amps. Therefore the secondary would have to have the larger wire to accommodate the larger current.

If you connect positive to positive and negative to negative you will have a 9V battery with twice the current capacity in milliampere hrs than a single batteries. The load then goes between positive and negative paralleled terminals.

If you connect one negative of one battery to one positive of the other battery and put the load between the remaining negative and positive terminals you have created an 18 V battery with the same milliampere hr rating as a single battery.

If you connect one negative to positive of other battery and the negative of that battery to the positive of the first battery then both batteries with quickly drain and get hot in the process. Contrary to folklore or urban lefends, they do not explode.

Another name for a rectifier is a diode. Diodes are used to change AC into DC. They block current when placed in an electrical circuit on one half of an AC sine wave. As a sine wave leaves zero volts and begins climbing to a positive voltage along with the current, the diode allows the electrons to pass. It conducts until the sine wave reaches zero again. At the start of the negative half of the sine wave the diode blocks the passage of electrons right through to the end of this half cycle. This voltage is known as pulsating DC or half wave rectification. One conductive pulse every cycle. Full wave rectification is when 4 diodes are assembled back to back so that 2 of the diodes are conducting on the positive half cycle and the other 2 diodes are conducting on the negative half cycle. This diode set up is known as a full wave bridge. The output voltage is smoother in this configuration but still has a voltage ripple. This ripple is usually smoothed out with capacitors. This is usually the components of DC power supplies.

The most common voltage supply to homes is single phase 120V / 240V. In the states for industries, 3 phase 480 Wye 277. In Canadian industries, 3 phase 600 Wye 347 volts.

Peak DetectorA peak detector determines the peak voltage on an ac wave and converts it into a dc voltage. A diode puts the peak voltage on a capacitor. The second op amp is a buffer. This means it holds the same voltage input and output, but it allows current to be used at the output without altering the voltage. An op amp buffer is created by connecting the output to the inverting input.The purpose of the buffer in this instance is to tell the first op amp what the voltage is on the capacitor. In simple designs, this is done by simply connecting the inverting input of the first op amp directly to the capacitor. But the buffer allows a second diode to be used in the feedback loop without altering the capacitor voltage. The diode then pulls against the output of the buffer instead of the capacitor.The purpose of the feedback diode is to prevent the output from saturating on the down-swing. Saturation means the output goes to the supply rail, while excess current is drawn through the input, which can create undesirable effects. The feedback diode pulls the inverting input down to the same level as the noninverting input, which means the output is never more than 0.6V lower than the noninverting input or the bottom of the voltage swing on the ac input wave. The feedback resistor allows a difference in voltage to be created between the inverting input and the output of the buffer.The design challenge of a peak detector is in the fact that the diode pulls the voltage up but not down. Something needs to bring the dc voltage on the capacitor back down, either when the voltage being measured decreases, or when an over-voltage spike is created for some reason such as noise, contact of leads or turn on of the device.Leakage current through the diode when reverse biased will be enough to control the capacitor voltage when stable measurements are being made. At other times, more current is needed to bring the capacitor voltage down. A resistor can be used for that purpose. But it will then create some ripple on the capacitor, because it will be pulling voltage down while the diode is not pulling it up. The ripple is greatest for lowest frequencies, because then there is more time during each cycle for voltage to decrease. Therefore, low frequencies require some compromise between ripple on the dc and rate of equilibration.Here's how to calculate ripple on the capacitor. Start with this formula: V/S = I/C. It says volts per second equals current over capacitance. Say there is one volt on the cap. Divided by 10M of resistance equals 0.1µA of current. Divided by 0.47µF equals 0.213 volts per second. If the frequency is 10Hz, there is 0.05 seconds for each half of the wave. So 0.213V/S times 0.05S equals 11mV of ripple. If the frequency is increased to 1KHz, a half wave is 0.5mS, and ripple is 0.0005 × 0.213 = 0.11mV. If the cap voltage is increased to 2V, the ripple is 0.21mV, or twice as much, but the same percent.The rate at which the voltage equilibrates is not linear. At 1V on the cap, it is 0.213 volts per second; but at 2V, it is 0.426V/S. So it would take about 3-5 seconds to equilibrate when 1V too high. Pulling it down instantly with a push button switch is so easy that it is better than compromising the design or waiting for equilibration.

In machines built to display time you have analog, which is an original-type mechanically designed clock that uses a one second click to move the long minute hand and shorter hour hand. A digital timepiece relies on battery or electric current. The difference in the two is that one is basic mechanics, and the other uses a wiring board with a transformer and such that directs through electronic signal the precision of seconds, minutes and hours as well as display through LED light signals. The former is more accurate, but is obviously useless should you find yourself somewhere without batteries or a wall outlet.

Cut panels of rigid insulation slightly smaller than openings. Fill in gaps around rigid panels with liquid nails or any brand of construction adhesive caulking that is compatible with stryrofoam (polystyrene) or polyurethane foam, depending on what type of rigid foam you purchased. I prefer polyurethane foam and seal the perimeter edges with Great Stuff spray foam or DAP latex spray foams. That way you don't have any heat leaks around the edges of the rigid foam even if the rigid panel is between warped rafters or studs.

the first cell phones was made somewhere around Chicago,or New York

In any metal, the valence electrons (that one might expect to find in the outermost level surrounding each nucleus) are able to move freely throughout the substance. This permits the flow of electricity, which requires that electrons be added at one end and removed at the other.

first row:0 32 45 6

second row:18 4 16 30

third row:12 36 9 21

fourth row:24 20 10 8

so be happy you have the answer and if ur looking for the worst possible multo grid it is all prime numbers