Gastrointestinal Tract

The doctor may use psychological tests or inventories.The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI), the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory(MCMI), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Zung Depression Scale are the tests most commonly used.

Acinar cells secrete a isotonic mixture of saliva which then gets modified through the ductal cells to produce a hypotonic saliva compared to plasma with a high K+ and HCO3- concentration. HOWEVER, at high flow rates the saliva actually resembles plasma (isotonic) because there wasn't enough to modify the saliva.

First, doctors order sedation prior to the test, so people do not fully remember the discomfort. Second, most people try to avoid having a colonoscopy.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome or IBS as known is a type of functional disorder which mainly affects the human digestive system. In order to get diagnosed from IBS, it is vital to have experienced any from a group of specific symptoms over 12 weeks or more of the most recent year. The symptoms always include discomfort and abdominal pain such as Pain which can be eased with defecation, fluctuation in bowel movements and also changes in the appearance of stools.

Oral drug administration is taking medicine via the mouth.

An endoscopy is an imaging technique that an Gastroenterologist doctor uses to see inside of the esophagus and stomach. It's a thin flexible tube with a light on the end. It's inserted through the mouth and down into the stomach. This procedure is only done when you're sedated. An endoscopy is a procedure that doctors do to see the digestive track.

Answer is C: enternal

See a physician. Only she will be able to evaluate your condition in the most appropriate way.

after 20 minutes

If you have a family history of colon cancer, you should have a colonoscopy once a year, but based on your own health and your specific family history, consult your doctor.

vacA is a major virulating factor of h.pylori.the gm -ve bacterium produces this toxin which after entry into the host cell causes extensive vacuolation ,resulting cell death.

vac a is a 140kd protein which has a signal seq at its n terminal end (1-33 amino acid) & an autotransporter domain at c terminal (1023-1297 amino acids).after entry it breaks into 2 segments -a p33 segment & a p55 segment.these segments form a channel in the plasma membrane & helps in cell vacuolation

the mechanism of cell vacuolation by vaca is as follows:

The membranes of VacA-induced cell vacuoles contain Rab7 and other markers for late endocytic compartments

A current model for VacA-induced vacuolation proposes that VacA is internalized by cells and forms membrane channels in the membranes of late endocytic compartments .In support of this model,VacA has been found to

localize to the membranes of VacA-induced vacuoles.Intracellular expression of VacA in transiently transfected cells results in cell vacuolation

,which provides additional evidence that it can act at an intracellular site.An inhibitor of VacA channel formation, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB), blocks the ability of VacA to cause cell vacuolation ,and VacA mutant toxins that lack the ability to form membrane channels also lack the ability to cause cell vacuolation, regardless of whether they are applied to the surface of cells or expressed intracellularly in transiently transfected cells

.Interestingly, a mutant toxin that lacks the ability to form membrane channels can block the activity of wild-type VacA in a dominant-negative fashion43

.This dominant-negative phenotype is associated with the formation of mixed oligomeric structures that comprise both wild-type and mutant VacA51

.The ability of a dominant-negative mutant toxin to block wild-type VacA activity provides further evidence that an oligomeric form of VacA is required for VacA cytotoxicity. Multiple cellular factors, including vacuolar ATPase,Rab7,Rac1, syntaxin 7 and dynamin, are reported to be required for VacA-induced vacuolation .These factors might be required for VacA internalization or the process of vesicle swelling.Overexpression of PIKfyve kinase has been reported to inhibit VacA-induced vacuolation,which indicates that VacA-induced cellular alterations might be related to changes in cellular phosphatidylinositol metabolism.

An important biophysical question surrounding the process of VacA-induced vacuole formation concerns the source of the membrane from which intracellular vacuoles are derived.Massive swelling of pre-existing vesicular compartments might be expected to result in lysis of these compartments if an additional source of membrane were not available.One possibility is that VacA-induced vacuoles might form as the result of fusion of multiple smaller endocytic

compartments. In support of this view, the SNARE protein syntaxin 7,which is involved in intracellular membrane fusion events, has been localized to the membranes of VacA induced vacuoles, and intracellular expression of a dominant-negative mutant form of syntaxin 7 blocks VacA-induced vacuolation

.Another possibility is that vacuoles could arise from late endosomes without a requirement for fusion of different compartments via a process involving fusion of late endosomal internal membranes with the late endosomal limiting membrane.Further studies are needed to clarify the role of membrane-fusion events in VacA-induced cell vacuolation.

Abnormal development or growth of tissue, organ or cells.

Gastric juice consists of hydrochloric acid, a strong acid along with many weak acids. Free acidity is a measure of acidity of hydrochloric acid alone but total acidity is a measure of combined acidity due to hydrochloric acid and many weak acids (organic acids and proteins).

The human body has many enzymes that help break down the food you eat-

for instance

when you eat chicken the protein is broken down by an enzyme called protease

when you eat milk- the sugar in it called lactose- is broken down by lactase

When babies are born their bodies produce a large amount of lactase to digest their mother's milk/formula

As Certain people get older the amount of lactase in the body decreases-making it hard to digest milk and milk products

The patient will be given specific instructions on how to use the enema and how many such enemas are necessary. Generally, the procedure has to be repeated until the return from the enema is clear of stool particles.

Acid. Typically 2 on the pH scale

The gastric juice is mainly acidic and initiates breaking down the food into component parts and has a lot of mucus to provide lubrication.

The pancreatic juice is basic (alkali) to neutralize the stomach acid and has enzymes to further break down the components and allow them to be absorbed.

Abdominal sounds are caused when you are hungry, so eat.

Another thing to keep in mind is that you should limit carbonated beverages and high-fiber foods during times when you want to keep intestinal sounds at bay.

The endoscopist manipulates the controls of the scope so that its tip bends backward allowing an alternate view as it is withdrawn from the colon. It it thought that this allows detection of additional polyps and precancerous lesions that might be flat or depressed.

Central pain syndrome is a type of pain that occurs because of injuries to the brain or spinal cord.

pepsin

Patients must be able to take (and keep down) fluids by mouth before an IV rehydration solution is discontinued. After the needle is removed, the insertion site should be inspected for any signs of bleeding or infection.

You can eat lying down because the food doesn't just fall down you oesophagus (gullet), it is pushed down by muscles. However, it may be hard to drink whilst lying down because the water may tip out of your glass before the glass touches your lips. It is possible, though.